| A | B |
|---|
| variable | Condition subject to change. |
| toilet training | Conflict of anal stage. |
| Oedipal conflict | Conflict of phallic stage. |
| dependent variable | Variable that reflects the change affected by the manipulated variable. |
| independent variable | The manipulated variable. |
| adolescence | Conflict is typical. |
| Erikson | Psychosocial development continues throughout lifespan. |
| Piaget | Developed theory of intellectual development. |
| sublimation | Occurs during latency. |
| observational learning | Takes place by watching others and observing the consequences of their behavior. |
| unconditioned stimulus | Food in Pavlov's experiment. |
| conditioned stimulus | Brings about a learned response. |
| unconditioned response | An automatic, unlearned response. |
| conditioned response. | Learned response. |
| generalization | Conditioned response elicited by a stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus without training. |
| classical conditioning | Controlling behavior by pairing old responses to new stimuli. |
| operant conditioning | Learning from the consequences of behavior. |
| positive reinforcement | Pleasant consequence that increases preceding behavior. |
| cognitive perspective | Humans are active interpreters of world. |
| punishment | Decreases preceding behavior. |
| personality | Characteristics displayed consistenty and uniquely by each individual. |
| psychoanalysis | Emphasizes the importance of the unconscious in determining personality. |
| behaviorism | People have different personalities due to different learning experiences. |
| humanistic theory | Stresses human growth and potential. |
| trait theory | Studies underlying sources of consistency in behavior. |
| valid | Test measures what it intends to measure. |
| reliable | Consistent. |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | Tendency for one's expectations to make a second person act in accordance with those expectations. |
| defense mechanisms | Distort reality and operate unconsciously. |
| persuasion | Attempting to influence. |
| id | Immediate gratification of desires. |
| ego | Decision maker, considers reality. |
| superego | Moral authority. |
| situational attribution | Consider the circumstances responsible for one's behavior. |
| dispositional attribution | Consider the person's demeanor responsible for one's behavior. |
| Sigmund Freud | Personality is controlled by the unconscious. |
| Milgram | People submit to authority even when demands of authority conflict with one's conscience. |
| Carl Rogers | Stressed reaching one's potential. |
| B.F.Skinner | Learning experiences determine personality. |
| Asch | People conform even in non-ambiguous (or clear!) situations. |
| hallucination | Perception with no external cause. |
| antisocial | Irresponsibility, shallow emotions, and lack of conscience. |
| negative reinforcement | Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the preceding behavior. |
| fundamental attribution error | Failing to consider the circumstances when considering the motives of the behavior of others. |
| delusion | False belief maintained despite clear indications the belief is false. |
| theory | Complex explanation based on research findings. |
| Freud | Behavior is determined by the unconscious. |
| hypothesis | Educated guess. |
| proximity | Tendency to group items on basis of nearness. |
| control group | Does not undergo experimental treatment. |
| Piaget | Thinking with actions precedes thinking with words. |
| adolescent thought | Thinking hypothetically, abstractly, and using systematic experimentation are all part of formal operations. |
| death stages | Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, then acceptance. |
| trust vs. mistrust | Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development. |
| unconditioned stimulus | Elicits unconditioned (automatic, unlearned) response. |
| seven | People can hold about __ chunks of information in short-term memory. |
| information processing model | Model of memory with three successive stages (sensory, short-term, long-term). |
| working memory | short-term memory |
| short-term memory | Where anything about which you are thinking is in your memory. |
| elaborative rehearsal | Requires deep processing and is best for long-term learning. |
| regression | Defense mechanism in which one finds comfort in reverting to an immature form of behavior. |
| Structure personality for Freud | Id, ego, superego. |
| unconscious component of personality | First suggested by Freud. |
| defense mechanisms | Ways the ego protects itself unconsciously. |
| true | Those with high anxiety prefer the company of people with a similar type of anxiety. |
| proximity | Best predictor of friendship. |
| Asch | People will conform to a group even when it goes against their better judgment. |
| Milgram | Many will obey authority beyond reasonable limits. |
| obsession | Recurring thoughts. |
| dissociative reaction | Loss of memory or identity. |
| somatoform disorders | Physical symptoms with no apparent physical causes. |
| agoraphobia | Extreme fear of crowds. |
| depression | Guilt and need for self-punishment are often involved. |
| bipolar disorder | Frantic action alternates with deep despair. |
| abnormality | Disrupts everyday life. |
| psychoanalytic therapy | Seeks to uncover underlying unconscious conflicts. |
| cognitive therapy | Change thinking. |
| humanistic therapy | Facilitation of self-actualization. |
| behavioral therapy | Abnormal behaviors are learned and can be unlearned or replacement behaviors can be learned. |
| schizophrenia | Characterized by confused, disordered thoughts and perceptions. |
| shaping | Systematic method of rewarding and punishing behavior. |
| perception | Active process! |
| perceptions | Almost always different than the actual sensations. |
| correlations | Show relationships, not cause and effect. |
| twins | Studying __ is one of the best ways to study the influences of hereditiy and environment on development. |
| Piaget | Leading thinker in cognitive development. |
| developmental psychology | Conception to death. |
| Pavlov | Discovered classical conditioning. |
| taste aversion | Can result after becoming ill after eating certain foods. |
| overlearning | Improves performance partially due to increased confidence. |
| recency effect | Tendency to remember better items at the end of a list. |
| primacy effect | Tendency to remember better items at the beginning of a list. |
| Where should you take a test? | Where you learned the material to maximize retrieval cues! |
| superego | source of guiltiness and proudness |
| Companionate love lasts longer than ___ love. | passionate |
| two-factor theory of romantic love | Physiological arousal is misinterpreted as feelings of love for a near-by appropriate love object. |
| self-disclosure | Improves longevity of relationships. |
| others | Our behavior is highly influenced by ____. |
