| A | B |
|---|
| soma | body |
| somatic nervous system | consists of sensory pathway and motor pathway |
| sensory pathway | nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons |
| motor pathway | nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles consisting of motor neurons |
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | division of the PNS that controls all the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands |
| sypathetic division | energizing--fight or flight system--part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal |
| parasympathetic division | calming--part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands |
| limbic system | group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation |
| thalamus | part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain--relays sensory info from lower brain to proper areas of cortex, processes some sensory info |
| hypothalamus | part of the forebrain that regulates the amount of fear, thirst, sexual drive, and aggression |
| amygdala | influences motivations, emotional control, fear response and interpretation of nonverbal emotional expressions |
| hippocampus | plays a role in our emotions, ability to remember, ability to compare sensory info to expectations |
| central cortex | controls complex thought processes |
| corpus callosum | connects left and right hemispheres of the brain |
| pituitary gland | regulates other endocrine glands |
| pons | part of the hindbrain that relays messages between the cerebellum and the cortex |
| medulla | part of the hindbrain where nerves cross from one side of the body to the opposite side of the brain |
| reticular formation | a system of nerves running from the hindbrain and through the midbrain to the cerebral cortex, controlling arousal and attention |
| cerebellum | a part of the hindbrain that controls balance and maintains muscle coordination |
| hippocampus | plays a role in our emotions, ability to remember, and ability to compare sensory info to expectations |
| cortex | outermost covering of brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of senses |
| corticalization | wrinkling of the cortex--allows much larger area of cortical cells to exist in the small space inside the skull |
| cerebral hemispheres | two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain |
| corpus callosum | thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres |
| Broca's aphasia | (usually in left frontal lobe) unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly |
| Wernicke's aphasia | (usually left temporal lobe) unable to understand or produce meaningful language |
| spatial neglect | (usually right hemisphere) inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field |
| cerebrum | upper part of the brain consisting of two hemispheres and the structure that connect them |
| split brain research | study of patients with severed corpus collosum--send message to 1 part of brain/demonstrates right and left brain specialization |
| left side of brain | controls language, writing, logical thought, analysis, math, processes info sequentially, can speak |
| right side of brain | controls emotional expression, spatial perception, face recognition, patterns, melodies, emotions;processes info globally, cannot speak |
| endocrine glands | glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| pituitary gland | secrets human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting |
| pineal gland | near the base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin |
| thyroid gland | neck, regulates metabolism |
| pancreas | controls levels of sugar in the blood |
| gonads | sex glands that secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction |
| adrenal glands | endocrine glands located on the top of each kidney that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, provide secondary sex hormones |
