| A | B |
|---|
| immigrant | a person who comes from another country to settle in a new country |
| Old Immigration | immigration that occurred between 1840 and 1890 mostly from Northern and Western Europe |
| New Immigration | immigration that occurred after 1890, mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Japan |
| push factors | reasons that force people to leave their country |
| pull factors | reasons that bring or attract people to a new country |
| nativist | native-born Americans who favored their own interests over those of immigrants |
| class | a social or economic division of society |
| suburb | residential areas surrounding the cities |
| tenement | an apartment building meeting minimum standards of sanitation and upkeep,  |
| sanitation | measures to promote cleanliness and prevent disease |
| settlement house | privately run neighborhood centers that provided services for the poor |
| political machine | a well-organized political party that controls a city's government |
| party boss | corrupt/bad government officials who ran political machines |
| Grange | an organization established in 1867 to help farmers in South with political and economic issues |
| Populist Party | a U.S. political party formed to represented farmers and laborers |
| cooperative | organized to combine the buying and selling power of a group of farmers |
| depression | time of little business activity, high unemployment, falling wages & prices |
Jacob Riis,  | Wrote "How the Other Half Lives" |
| Jane Addams | Created the first settlement house to help the poor |
| Populist | Also known as the People's Party |
| melting pot | what many 19th century native-born Americans considered their country |
| Angel Island | place immigrants arriving on the West Coast would pass before gaining entrance into the US |
| Ellis Island | place through which 19th century easter European immigrants were likely to pass before gaining entry into the US |
| urbanization | term that describes the movement of people into big cities |
| Social Gospel movement | early reform programs lauched in the belief that Christians had a social responisibility to be conscious of and help improve conditions for the poor |
| Hull House | First settlement house founded by Jane Addams |
| Political machines | controlled city; helped immigrants in return for votes |
| party boss | top of the political machine |
| bribery | paying someone for a favor, usually a political favor |
| graft | any type of unethical or illegal use of political influence for personal gain |
| unethical | maybe not illegal, but certainly not morally correct |
| kickback | type of illegal payment from political corruption |
Boss Tweed,  | head of "Tammany Hall" |
| Thomas Nast | editorial cartoonist who helped bring down the Tweed Ring |
| Pendleton Act | authorized the creation of an independent civil service commision |
| patronage | appointing a friend to a political position |
| the spoils system | system of patronage, giving government jobs to friends and political supporters -- regardless of their qualifications |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | law meant to control power of big business; stop trusts |
| NAACP | founded by W.E.B. DuBois to work for civil rights |
| prominent | important, influential |
| reformers | people who want to change things |
| reform | change |
The Jungle,  | written by Upton Sinclair, it exposed the practices in meat packing plants, so upset TR that he appointed a commission verify its accuracy |
| verify | find out the truth of something |
| accuracy | truth |
Upton Sinclair,  | muckraking journalist who wrote "The Jungle" |
| muckraker | term used to describe a journalist who exposed government abuses and big business corruption to the readers of newspapers and magazines |
| saloon | a bar |
| People who disliked immigrants; wanted to stop further immigration | nativists |
| New Immigrants | Italians, Irish, Eastern Europeans |
| Old Immigrants | Germans and English |
| Religious group singled out for discrimination by American Protective Association | Catholic |
| American Protective Association vowed to | never hire or vote for a Catholic |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | No Chinese allowed in for 10 yrs; no citizenship if already here |
| Gentleman's Agreement | Japanese agreed to stop emigrating to US; US stopped segregation |
| Literacy Debate | Idea that immigrants should show ability to read to enter US |
| Gospel of Wealth | Idea that the wealthy should help the poor to help themselves |
| Americanization | Immigrants should learn English, American values & work habits |
| Individualism | Anyone could rise up in society wt work; "rags to riches" |
| Social Gospel | Improve community conditions through Biblical ideals; churches serve |
| Social Darwinism | Survial of the fittest, people compete, Laizzes-Faire |
