| A | B |
|---|
| emperor | the ruler of an empire |
| money economy | an economic system based on money rather than on barter |
| civilization | a centralized society with developed forms of religion, ways of governing and learning |
| ziggurat | a huge mud-brick temple built by the ancient Sumerians |
| technology | the skills and knowledge to make products or meet goals |
| Code of Hammurabi | the collection of laws organized by Hammurabi for the people of Babylon to follow |
| government | an organized system that groups use to make laws and decisions |
| monarchy | the system of govenment in which a king or queen rules |
| surplus | an extra supply |
| empire | a conquered land of many people and places governed by one ruler |
| city-state | a city and its surrounding farmlands, with its own leaders and government |
| social class | a group that has a particular amount of importance in a society |
| equal justice | fair treatment under the law |
| scribe | a person who writes |
| merchant | a person who buys and sells goods to make a living |
| innovation | a new way of doing things |
| authority | the right to command or influence |
| artifact | a humanmade object, especially from long ago |
| taxation | the practice of requiring people to pay taxes to support a government |
| conquer | to take over |
| maize | corn |
| nomad | a person with no settled home |
| agriculture | the raising of domesticated plants and animals; farming |
| tundra | a cold, treeless plain whose subsoil is permanently frozen |
| migration | movement of groups of people from one place to another |
| domesticate | to tame plants and animals for people's use |
| culture | a unique way of life that sets a group of people apart from others |
| monotheism | a belief in one god |
| covenant | an agreement |
| Ten Commandments | a set of laws for responsible behavior, which, according to the Bilbe were given to Moses by God |
| Judaism | the religion of the Jewish people |
| Torah | Jewish scriptures; the first five books of the Bible |
| Colony | a settlement separated from, but under the control of, a home country |
| cultural diffusion | the spread of ideas form one place to another |
| barter | the exchange of one good or service for another |
| division of labor | a system in which the members of a group do different tasks according to their abilities and the group's needs |
