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| Importance of Population Study | More people alive at this time (6-3/4 billion) than ever before; world's population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the 20th century than ever before; almost all global population growth is concentrated in LDC |
| Demography | Scientific study of population characteristics |
| What do demographers look at? | Look statistically at how people are distributed spatially and by age, gender, etc. |
| How do geographers study population problems? | (First ask WHERE) First describing where people are found across Earth's space (location of Earth's population forms regular distributions)= Second, look at where the population is growing |
| Overpopulation | (Is the WHY question) From perspective of globalization, the problem is not simply a matter of the total number of people on Earth but also includes the relationship between the number of people and the availability of resources= Problems result when an area's population exceeds the capacity of the enviornment to support it at an acceptable standard of living |
| Overpopulation at the local scale | Find that overpopulation is a danger in some regions of the world but not others |
| Distribution of People | Is not uniform around the world= Can understand how population is distributed by look at CONCENTRATION and DENSITY |
| 2/3 of the World's Population are clustered where? | East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe |
| Catogram | (Can depict the clustering of the world's population) Depcts the size of countries according to population rather than land area (just like most maps)= The shapes of many large or populous countries (i.e. Canada, US, etc.) have been exaggerated to show the regions within the countries where most of the population is clustered |
| Why is Asia and Europe important? | Because global patterns are heavily influenced by conditions in these regions (where 2/3 of world's population lives) |
| Similarities between the 4 most populated regions on the earth | Most of the people live near an ocean (or a river with easy access to the ocean) rather than in the interior of major landmasses= Occupy generally low-lying areas, with fertile soil and temperate climate= Are all located in the Northern Hemisphere between 10º and 55º north latitude (with the exception of part of the Southeast Asia concentration) |
| How many people live close to the ocean? | 2/3 live within 300 miles of an ocean and 4/5 live within 500 miles |
| East Asia | Contains 1/5 earth's population |
| China | (EAST ASIA) Peoples Republic of China contains 5/6 of East Asia's population (world's most populated country)= China is largest country in land area (but much of area is mountains and deserts)= Chinese population is clustered near Pacific Coast and in many fertile river valleys that extend inland= 2/3 of China's population live in rural areas where they work as farmers |
| Japan and South Korea | (EAST ASIA) Like China, population is not uniformly distributed= More than 1/3 of people live in three large metropolitan areas (Tokyo and Osaka in Japan, and Seoul in South Korea) that covers less than 3% of the 2 countries land areas= More than 3/4 of all Japanese and Koreans live in urban areas and work at industrial or service jobs) |
| South Asia | Contains 1/5 of world's people= India (worlds 2nd most populous country) contains more than 3/4 of the South Asia Population= Most are farmers living in rural areas= Contains 21 urban areas= Only 1/4 of population live in urban areas |
| Where is most important concentration in South Asia? | On small corridor from Pakistan through India and Bangladesh to Bay of Bengal= Much of this area's population is concentrated along the plains of the Indus and Ganges rivers= Population also heavily concentrated near India's 2 long coastlines (Arabian Sea to the west and Bay of Bengal to the east) |
| Southeast Asia | 4th largest (after Europe) population cluster= Most live on a series of islands that lie between the Indian and Pacific oceans (Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Pilippines)= Java has largest population= Many people work as farmers in rural areas |
| East, South, and Southeast Asia taken together | Comprise more than 1/2 of the world's total population= Together, they live on less than 10% of Earth's land area (same as many years ago) |
| Europe | Contains populations of West/East Europe and European portion of Russia= Forms the world's 3rd largest population cluster= Contains 1/9 of the worlds population= Includes 4 dozen countries (ranging from small to Russia [the world's LARGEST country in land area when its asian part is included])= 3/4 of Europe's inhabitants live in cities and less than 20% are farmers= Settlements linked by roads, etc.= Highest population concentrations in Europe are near the coalfields of England, Germany, and Belgium [historically the major source of energy for industry]) |
| Western Hemisphere | (Is not one of the big 4) Largest population lives in northeastern US and southeastern Canada= Cluster extends along Atlantic Coast and westward along the Great Lakes= 2% of world's population lives in the area= Most Americans are urban dwellers (less than 5% are farmers) |
| West Africa | (Is not one of the big 4) Contains 2% of the world's population (especially clustered along the south-facing Atlantic coast)= 1/2 of West Africa concentration is found in Nigeria (most populous country in Africa) and the other 1/2 is divded among several small countries west of Nigeria= Most West Africans work in agriculture (although the region has 6 urban areas) |
| Few people live in regions that are... | Too dry, we, cold, or mountainous for activities such as agriculture |
| Ecumene | Portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement (used to just be Midle East, Eastern Europe, and East Asia) |
| Ecumene vs. Uninhabitable | Ecumene has increased while the "uninhabitable" areas have decreased |
| Approximately 3/4 of world's population live on only... | 5% of Earths surface (71% ocean) |
| 4 Types of Ecumene | Dry, Wet, Cold, and High lands |
| Dry Lands | Areas too dry for farming= Cover 20% of Earth's land surface= 2 largest desert regions in the world lie in North Hemisphere between 15º and 50º north latitude and in South Hemisphere between 20º and 50º north latitude= Biggest desert is Sahara (extends from North Africa to Southwest and Central Asia)= Lack sufficient water to grow crops that could feed large population (although some live there by raising animals [i.e. Camels] that have adapted)= By constructing irrigation systems, people can grow crops in some parts of the desert= Mostly inhospitable to intensive agriculture (but do have oil) |
| Wet Lands | Lands that receive very high levels of precipitation (may be inhospitable)= Located near equator between 20º north and south latitude in the interiors of South America, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia= Rainfall averages more than 50 inches per year but MOST get 90 inches= Combination of heat and rain rapidly depletes nutrients from the soil and thus hinders agriculture= Some areas (i.e. wet lands of Southeast Asia) have rainfall periodically (can thus grow enough food during offseason) |
| Cold Lands | Most of land near North/South Poles covered in ice or ground is permanently frozen (permafrost). Polar regions receive less precipitation than some Central Asian deserts but, over many years, the annual snowfall has turned into thick ice= Polar regions are unsuitable for planting crops, few animals can survive, few humans can live there |
| High Lands | Few live at high elevations (EX: Switzerland)= Some people may prefer to occupy higher lands if temperatures and precipitation are uncomfortably high at lower elevations (EX: Latin America and Africa) |
| Switzerland | (Example of HIGH LANDS) 1/2 of land is mountain covered but only 5% of country's population live there |
| Arithmetic Density | (aka Population density) Total number of people divided by total land area= Geographers use this to compare conditions in different countries because the 2 pieces of information needed to calculate the measure--total population and total land area-- are easily obtained= Vary greatly within individual countries (more so than comparing 2 different countries)= Enables geographers to compare the number of peopl etrying to live on a given piece of land in different regions of the world= Answers the WHERE question |
| Physiological Density | Measure of population by looking at the number of people per area of a certain type of land in a region= Is the number of people supported by a unit area of arable land= Provides insights into the relationship between the size of a population and the availability of resources in a region |
| Arable Land | Land suited for agriculture |
| The higher the physiological density... | The greater the pressure that people may place on the land to produce enough food |
| Comparing Physiological and Arithmetic Densities | Helps geographers to understand the capacity of the land to yeild enough food for the needs of the people |
| 2 countries can have similar physiological densities, but... | May produce significantly different amounts of food because of different economic conditions |
| Agricultural Density | Ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land= This density measure helps account for economic differences= MDCs have lower agricultural densities because technology and finance allow a few people to farm extensive land areas and feed many people (thus, it frees most of the MDC population to work in places other than the fields) |
| To understand the relationship between population and resources in a country... | Geographers examine a country's physiological and agricultural densities together |
| Physiological/Agricultural Density: Netherlands, Bangladesh, Dutch, India | Bangladesh and Netherlands have high physiological densities but Dutch have a much lower agricultural density than the Bangladeshi (CONCLUDE: both the Dutch and Bangladeshi put heavy pressure on the land to produce food, but the more efficient Dutch agricultural system requires fewer farmers than does the Bangladeshi) Netherlands have higher phys. than does India but lower agricultural density (demonstrates that, compared with India, the Dutch have extremely limited arable land to meet the needs of their population [Dutch have built dikes and created polders]) |
| Population increases rapidly in places... | Where many more people are born than die (also increases when people move in) |
| Population increases slowly in places.. | Where the number of births exceeds the number of deaths by only a small margin |
| Population declines in places.. | Where deaths outnumber births (also decreases when people move out) |
| Crude | We are concerned with society as a whole rather than a refined look at particular individuals or groups |
| Age Specific Birth Rates | In communities with an unusually large number of people of a certain age we can study separate birth rates for women of each age (rather than CBRs) |
| Population change is measured through what? | Crude birth rates (CBR), Crude death rates (CDR), Natural increase rate (NIR) |
| Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | Total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in a society (EX: CBR of 20 means that for every 1000 people in a country, 20 babies are born over a 1 year period) |
| Crude Death Rate (CDR) | Total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society= Comparable to the CBR, the CDR is expressed as the annual number of deaths per 1000 population |
| Natural Increase Rate (NIR) | Percentage by which a population grows in a year= Computed by subtracting CDR from CBR, after first converting the 2 measures from numbers per 1000 to percentages (numbers per 100)= Thus, if the CBR is 20 and the CDR is 5 (both per 1000) then the NIR is 15/1000 (1.5%) |
| Natural | Means that a country's growth rate excludes migration |
| World NIR | During 1st decade of 21st century is 1.2 (meaning population of world was growing each year by 1.2%)= World NIR is lower today than all time peak of 2.2 and has declined sharply= NIR during second half of 21st century was high by historical standards |
| How many people are added to the population of the world each year? | 80 million people= Represents a decline from all time high of 87 million= Number of people added each year has dropped much more slowly than the NIR because the population base is much higher now than in the past (base continues to grow by a change of only one-one-tenth of 1% would produce large swings in population growth) |
| Changes in the NIR | Small changes dramatically affect the size of the population because the base population from which we derive the percentage is so high |
| Doubling Time | (Is affected by the rate of natural increase) Is the number of years needed to double a population (assuming a constant rate of natural increase) |
| Virtually 100% of the natural increase is clustered... | In LDCs= NIR exceeds 2% in most countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, Middle East whereas it is negative in Europe (meaning that in the absence of immigrants, population actually is declining) |
| World Population Growth: Where is it centered | 2/3 of the world's population has been in Asia (with the remaining 1/3 divided about equally among sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East) |
| Regional differences in NIRs mean... | That most of the world's additional people live in the countries that are least able to maintain them (these differences in growth rates are explained by regional differences in fertility and mortality rates) |
| Where are the highest and lowest CBRs | Highest in sub-Saharan Africa (most have CBR over 40) and lowest in Europe (most have CBR below 10) |
| Total Fertility Rate (TFR) | Used to measure the number of births in a society= Is the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (roughly ages 15-49)= To calculate, you must assume that a woman reaching a particular age in the future will be just as likely to have a child as are women of that age today |
| CBR vs. TFR | CBR provides a picture of a society as a whole in a given year whereas the TFR attempts to predict the future behavior of individual women in a world of rapid cultural change |
| TFR of World (as a whole) | Is 2.7 (the figures vary between MDC and LDC)= TFR exceeds six in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa compared to 2 or less in every European country |
| In addition to the CDR, what else are useful measures of mortality? | Infant mortality rate and Life expectancy |
| Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) | Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared with total live births= Usually express as the number of deaths among infants per 1000 births rather than a percentage (per 100) |
| IMR of World | Highest IMR are in the poorer countries of sub-Saharan Africa while the lowest IFR are in Western Europe= IMRs exceed 100 in much of Africa (meaning that more than 10% of all babies die before reaching their first birthday)= IMR is less than 5% throughout Western Europe |
| What do IMRs reflect? | Country's health-care system= Lower IMRs are found in countries with well-trained doctors and nurses |
| US IMR | Although medically advanced, has higher IMR than Canada and Western Europe |
| IMR of African Americans and other minorities in the US | Have IMRs that are 2 times as high as the national average, comparable to levels in Latin America and Asia= Some say that this is because poor people in the US, especially minorities, cannot afford good health care for their infants |
| Life Expectancy | (At birth) Measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels= Is most favorable in the wealthy countries of Western Europe and least favorable in the poor countries of sub-Saharan Africa= Babies born today can expect to live into their late 70s in Western Europe but only into their 40s in most sub-Saharan African countries |
| More developed regions of the world... | have lower rates of natural increase, crude birth, total fertility, and infant morality, and higher average life expectancy= Higher natural increase, lower average life expectancy, etc. are found in LDCs |
| Variation between the world's highest and lowest CDRs... | Much less extreme than the variation in CBRs |
| Highest and Lowest CDR in the world is... | Highest: 19 per 1000; Lowest: 1 per 1000 |
| CBRs for individual countries range from... | 8 per 1000 to 55 per 1000 (unlike CDR) |
| All countries have... | Experienced some some changes in natural increase, fertility, and mortality raters but AT DIFFERENT TIMES and AT DIFFERENT RATES |
| Demographic Transition | (Although rates vary among countries) Similar process of change in a society's population= Because of diverse local cultural and economic conditions, the demographic transition diffuses to individual countries at different rates and produces local variations in natural increase, fertility, and mortality= Has many stages, every country is in one of them, and has a beginning, middle, and end= Is irreversible (after a country changes, does not go back) |
| 4 Stages of Demographic Transition | Low Growth, High Growth, Moderate Growth, Low Growth |
| Low Growth | (Stage 1) Dominated most of human's existence on earth= Crude birth/death rates varied considerably from one year/region to the next (over long time, were comparable at HIGH levels)= NIR was thus 0 and earth's population was unchanged (at 1/2 million)= Today, no country remains in Stage 1 |
| Low Growth: Food | (Stage 1) People depended on hunting/gathering= When food was easy to get, region's population increased but declined when people weren't able to locate enough animals/vegetation |
| Low Growth: When and why did the population start to increase | (Stage 1) Around 8000B.C., population began grow many thousand per year (between 8000B.C. and 1750, population increased from 5 million to 800 million)= Caused by agricultural revolution |
| Agricultural Revolution | (Caused first significant population increase in Stage 1) Was when humans first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gather= By growing plants and raising animals, human beings created larger and more stable sources of food so more people could survive |
| Low Growth: After Agricultural Revolution | (Stage 1) Human population still stayed in stage 1 of the demographic transition because food supplies were still unpredictable= Farmers prospered in regions with abundant harvest, and the population expanded, but when unfavorable climatic conditions resulted in low food production, the CDR would rise= War and disease also took their toll in Stage 1 societies |
| High Growth | (Stage 2) After Agricultural revolution, world's pop. grew slowly= After 1750, suddenly grew 10 times faster than in past (average annual increase jumped from .05% [one-twentieth of 1%] to 0.5% [1/2 of 1%])= World pop. grew about 5 million in 1800 compared to only about 1/2 million in 1750 |
| High Growth: What caused the sudden increase in population | (Stage 2) Occurred in late 18th/early 19th centuries because several countries moved on to stage 2 of the demographic transition |
| High Growth: In general, what causes the shift from Stage 1 to Stage 2 | (Stage 2) The CDR suddenly plummets while the CBR remains roughly the same as in stage 1= Because the difference between the CBR and CDR is suddenly very high, the NIR is also very high and population grows rapidly |
| High Growth: What can stage 2 be divided into | First part is the period of accelerating population growth= During second part, growth rate begins to slow although the gap between births and deaths remains high |
| High Growth: When/Why did Countries enter Stage 2 | (Stage 2) Entered after 1750 due to Industrial Revolution |
| Industrial Revolution | (Caused switch from Stage 1 to Stage 2) Began in England in the lat 18th century and spread to European continent and North America during the 19th century= Was conjunction of major improvements in industrial technology (invention of steam engine, etc.) that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and delivering them to market= Result was extreme/unmatched wealth (some was used to make cleaner living)= Revolutionized farming (more food and less farmers [thus freed people to work in factories])= Wealth also used to improve sanitation and personal hygiene (EX: sewer systems) |
| Which countries entered stage 2 around 1800? | Countries of Europe and North America (but Stage 2 did not diffuse to most other countries) |
| World Population Growth in Stage 2 | Grew by 1.7% per year during the second half of the 20th century compared to 0.5 percent per year during the 19th century |
| Which countries entered stage 2 during the second half of the 20th century? Why? | Africa, Asia, Latin America= Pushed into stage 2 (unlike Europe and North America) due to medical revolution |
| Medical Revolution | (Caused less developed countries to enter stage 2)= Medical technology invented in Europe and North America diffused to less developed countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America (thus eliminated many of the causes of death in LDC and enabled more people to experience longer/healthier lives) |
| Edward Jenner | (Part of Medical Revolution) Discover inoculation to smallpox (used boy and cowpox)= Invented immunization |
| Why do countries move from stage 2 to stage 3? | When CBR begins to drop sharply= CDR continues to fall in stage 3 but at much slower rate than in stage 2= Population continues to grow because CBR is still greater than CDR |
| Rate of Natural Increase: Stage 2 vs. Stage 3 | More modest in countries in stage 3 than those in stage 2 because the gap between CBR and CDR narrows |
| Moderate Growth: Stage 2 to Stage 3 | (Stage 3) Europe and North America moved into stage 3 in first half of 20th century= Most countries in Asia and Latin America recently moved into stage 3 while most African countries remain in stage 2 |
| Moderate Growth: What causes sudden drop in CBR (compared to stage 2 drop of CBR) | (Stage 3) Occurs for different reasons than the decline of CDR in stage 2= CDR declined in stage 2 following the introduction of new technology into the society while CBR decreases in stage 3 because of changes in social customs |
| When does a society enter stage 3? | (Moderate Growth) When people choose to have fewer children= Is partly a delayed reaction to adecline in mortality (especially in IMR)= Economic changes also influence less births |
| Moderate Growth: Jobs and living situation for most | (Stage 3) More likely to live in cities rather than in the countryside and to work in offices, etc. rather than on farms= Farmers often consider a large family to be an asset because children can do some of the chores while children living in cities are generally not economic assets to their parents (because they are prohibited from working in most types of urban jobs)= Urban homes are relatively small and may not have space to accommodate large families |
| When does a country reach "Low Growth" | (Stage 4) When the CBR decliens to the point where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches 0 (called Zero Population Growth) |
| Zero Population Growth (ZPG) | (Often applied to stage 4 countries) When CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches zero= ZPG may occur when the CBR is slightly higher than the CDR because som efemales die before reaching childbearing years and the number of females in their childbearing years can vary= To make up for this, ZPG is defined as the TFR that results in a lack of change in the total population over a longer term |
| What TFR produces ZPG | A TFR of approximately 2.1 (although a country that get many immigrants may need to lower TFR to achieve ZPG) |
| Countries in stage 4 of the demographic transition can be... | Identified on the map of total fertility rate= Most European countries have reached stage 4 of the demographic transition because they have TFRs way below the ZPG replacement level of 2.1 (EX: In US, TFR has moved slightly below ZPG) |
| What explains the movement from one stage o f the demographic transition to the next? | Social customs |
| Women in Stage 4 | Enter labor force rather than remain at home= When most families lived on famrs, pmployment and child rearing were done at same time but in urban society, cant do this anymore |
| Changes in lifestyle also encourage... | Smaller families= People who have access to widr variety of birth-control methods are more likely to use them= With increased income and leisure time, people can participate in entertainment that is not suitable for children (traveling, etc.) |
| NIR | Means that the number of deaths exceeds the number of births |
| Where is NIR most found? | Eastern Europe but more specifically RUSSIA= Eastern Europe has high death rates and low birth rates are due to Communist rule (bad feelings, forced marriages, etc.) |
| Stage 5 | (Does not exist yet) Characterized by higher death rates than birth rates and an irreversible population decline |
| Countries that have passed through all 4 stages | Have completed a cycle from little/no natural increase in stage 1 to little/no natural increase in stage 4 (differences being that in Stage 1, CBR and CDR were high [35-40 per 1000]) while at end of cycle the rates are very low [10 per 1000] as well as the population now is much bigger than it was initially) |
| England's Stage 1 | (Low Growth until 1750) Invaded by Normas, Black Plague killed many, CBRs and CDRs averaged more han 35 per 1000 but varied considerably from one year to the next, CDR skyrocketed in 1740s |
| England's Stage 2 | (High Growth from 1750-1880) 1750, CBR and CDR were both 40 per 1000= 1900 the CBR remained high at 34 but CDR dropped to 20 (this period was known as the Industrial Revolution which increased production, etc.)= Still remained in Stage 2 for 125 years after |
| England's Stage 3 | (Moderate Growth from 1880-Early 1970s) Crude birth and death rates changed little during 19th century= 1880 CBR was 33/1000 and CDR 19 (both of which were only 1 per 1000 lower than in 1800)= Entered stage 3 after 1880= CDR kept falling from 19 to 12/1000= CBR declined sharply from 33 to 18 to 15/1000= Population increased about .7% per year |
| England's Stage 4 | (Low Growth from early 1970s to present) Has been in stage 4 since early 1970s= CBR has varied between 12 and 14 per 1000 and the CDR has varied between 10 and 12= The CBR increases some years because the number of women in their childbearing years is greater, not because of decisions by women to have more children= TFR has been well below 2.1= England's population increased by 3 million since 1970 (mainly due to immigration)= Now crude birth and death rates are 11 rather than 40 and the country has 50 million instead of 6 million |
| A country's stage of demographic transition... | Gives it a distinctive population structure |
| What influences population in a country? | Demographic transition (in regards to the percent-age of the population in each age group and the distribution of males and females) |
| Population Pyramid | Displays a country's population by age and gender groups on a bar graph= Normally shows the percentage of the total population in 5 year age groups, with the youngest group (0 to 4 years old) at the base of the pyramid and the oldest group at the top= Length of bar represents the percentage of the total population contained in that group= Males usually shown on left side of pyramid and females on the right |
| Shape of Population Pyramid | Determined by CBR in the community= Country in stage 2 of demographic transition with a high CBR has a large number of young children making the base of the population pyramid very broad= However, a country in stage 4 with a large number of older people has a graph with a wider top and looks more like a rectangle than a pyramid |
| Age Distribution | Age structure of a population is important in understanding similarities/differences among countries |
| Dependency Ratio | (Most important factor of Age Distribution) Is the number of people hwo are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years= The larger the percentnage of dependents, the greater the financial burden on thsoe who are working to support those who cannot |
| Comparing Dependency Ratios of different countries | Divide the population into 3 age groups: {0 to 14}, {15 to 64}, {65 and older} |
| Dependents | Those who are 0-4 years of age and 65-plus= 1/2 of all people living in countries in stage 2 are dependents compared to only 1/3 in stage 4 countries= Dependency ration is nearly 1:1 in stage 2 countries and is 1:2 in stage 4 countries (1 dependent for every 2 workers)= Young dependents outnumber elderly ones by 10:1 in stage 2 countries but the numbers of young/elderly dependents are equal in stage 4 countries |
| LDC vs. MDC: Composition of young people | 1/3 of the people are under age 15 in LDC and still in stage 2= In European and North American countries (which are at/near stage 4), 1/6 of the population is under age 15 |
| Large Percentage of Children in sub-Saharan Africa and other stage 2 countries | Strains the ability of poorer countries to provide needed services= When children reach age of leaving school, jobs must be found for them but the government must continue to allocate scarce resources to meet the needs of the still growing number of young people |
| As countries pass through stages of demographic transition... | Percentage of elderly people decreases= Higher percentage reflects the lower percentage of young people produced by declining CBRs= Older people also benefit in stage 4 countries from improved medical care and higher incomes= People over age 65 comprise 16% of Europe population compared to 3% in sub-Saharan Africa |
| Graying of the Population | When elderly people stop working and thus require adequate levels of income and medical care= Places burden on European and North American governments to meet these needs= More than 1/4 of all government expenditures in US, Canada, Japan, and European countries go to Social Security, health care, etc. |
| Because of larger % of older people, countries in stages 3 and 4 of demographic transition such as US and Sweden... | have higher CDRs than do stage 2 countries |
| Sex Ratio | Number of males per hundred females in the population= Varies among countries depending on birth and death rates= Slightly more males than females are born but males have higher death rates |
| Sex Ratio: Europe and North America | Both have ratio of men to women at 95:100 (95 men for each 100 women)= Rest of the world has ratio of 102:100 |
| US: Males under age 15 | Exceed females 105:100 |
| Women start outnumbering men at... | Age 40 and they comprise 58% of the population over age 65 |
| LDC: Low % of Women | Explained by high mortality rate during childbirth= Difference relates to the age structure because poorer countries have a larger percentage of young people (where males generally outnumber females) and a lower percentage of older people, where |
| Thomas Malthus | One of the first to argue that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies= Wrote "An Essay on the Principle of Population" in which he claimed that population was growing more rapidly than Earth's food supply because population increased geometrically whereas food supply increased arithmetically= Said that population growth would press against available resources in every country unless "moral restraint" produced lower CBRs or unless disease, etc. produced higher CDRs |
| Malthus: Relationships between people and food | Today [1 person, 1 unit of food], 25 years from now [2 persons, 2 units of food], 50 years from now [4 persons, 3 units of food], 75 years from now [8 persons, 4 units of food], 100 years from now [16 persons, 5 units of food]= Made predictions long after England entered stage 2 |
| Neo-Malthusians | Argue that 2 characteristics of recent population growth make Malthus's thesis more frightening today than every before= Say that wars and civil violence will increase because of scarcities of food, clean air, etc. |
| What is 1st reason that neo-Malthusians are scared? | In Malthus's time only few relatively wealthy countries entered stage 2 of demographic transition (characterize by rapid population increase)= Malthus failed to anticipate that poor countries would have most rapid population growth because of transfer of medical technology (but not wealth) from MDCs= As a result, gap between population growth and resources is wider is wider than ever anticipated= Many LDCs have expanded food production significantly but have more poor people than ever before (REASON: because population growth outpaced economic development, all ecnomic growth was absored simply in accomodating the additionlal population |
| What is the 2nd reason that neo-Malthusians are scared? | World population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources (not just food production) |
| Robert Kaplan and Thomas Fraser Homer-Dixon | (Are neo-Malthusians) Paint picture of world where billions fo people are engaged in a desperate search for food and energy |
| Malthus's Critics | Many see Malthusian beliefs pessimistic because they are based on a belief that the world's supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding= Because of Principles of Possibilism, new technology can offset disaster= Say larger population is better because too few people can retard economic development as surely as can too many people= People in Africa see growth in population good because it produces more power |
| Principles of Possibilism | Our wellbeing is influenced by conditions in physical environment but humans have ability to choose courses of action that can expand the supply of food and other resources |
| Esther Boserup and Simon Kuznets | Criticize Malthus's theory that population growth produces problems= For a country, population growth stimulates economic growth and thus production of more food (could also generate more customers/ideas) |
| Julian Simon | (Criticize Malthus) Argued that population growth stimulated economic growth (more people means more brains to invent) |
| Marxists | (Criticize Malthus) Maintain that no cause and effect relationship exists between population growth and economic development (social problems are caused by unjust social and economic conditions) |
| Friedrich Engles | (Marxist theorist and criticizes Malthus) Sees his work as a part of capitalism= Argued that world possessed sufficient resources to eliminate global hunger and povery if only these resources where shared equally= Under capitalism, workers do not have enough food because they do not control the production and distribution of food and are not paid sufficient wages to purchase it |
| Vaclav Smil | (Showed that Malthus was close to the mark on food production but too pessimistic on population growth) Said even though human population grown at fastest ever, world food production has consistently grown at faster rate than the NIR since 1950 |
| Why has food production dramatically increased? | Better techniques, etc.= Many people cant afford to buy food but this is problem of distribution of wealth rather than insufficient global production of food as Malthus theorized |
| Why can the NIR decline? | Either because of lower birth rates or because of an increase in death rates= Only alternative is to reduce birth rates= In most countries, NIR decline occurred due to lower birth rate but in some countries of sub-Saharan Africa, the CDR is increasing |
| How can you reduce birth rates? | One way relies on economic development while the other relies on distribution of contraceptives= Most effective method varies among countries |
| Lowering Birth Rates: Economic Development | Wealthier community has more money to spend on education and health-care programs that would promote lower birth rates= Therefore, if more women able to attend school and remain in school longer, they are more likely to learn employment skills and gain more economic control over lives= With better education, women would better understand their reproductive rights, make better decisions, and use contraceptives= Stronger health-care programs would cause IMRs to drop due to improved parental care, conseling about sexual diseasses, and child imunization= With survival of more infants, women would be more likely to choose to make more effective use of contraceptives to limit the number of children |
| Lowering BIrth Rates: Emphasizing Contraceptive Use | Economic development may promote lower birth rates in the long run, but the world cannot wait around for that alternative to take effect= Putting resources into family planning programs can reduce birth rates much more rapidly |
| LDC and contraceptives | Supply does not meet the large demand= Therefore, to increase use, simply distribute more cheaply/quickly |
| Contraceptives: Africa | 1/4 of African women use contraceptives compared to 3/4 in Latin America and 2/3 in Asia= Reason is because of economics, religion, and education |
| High Birth Rates: Africa and Southwestern Asia | Reflect relatively low status of women (when women have few rights, they view having many children as a measure of their high status and men regard it as a sign of their own virility |
| Opposition to Contraceptives | Concentrated in religious views, etc. |
| What is truly the best way to lower birth rates? | Use both methods= Problem is that LDC governments and family planning organizations have limited funds to promote lower birth rates so they must set priorities |
| Lower CBRs have been responsible for... | Declining NIRs in most countries= However, in sub-Saharan Africa, lower NIRs have also resulted from higher CDRs (especially though diffusion of AIDS) |
| Epidemiologic Transition | (Term comes from epidemiology) Focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition |
| Epidemiology | Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect many people= Rely heavily on geographic concepts such as scale and connection because measures to control and prevent an epidemic derive from understanding its distinctive distribution and method of diffusion |
| Epidemiologic Transition: Stage 1 | (Formulated by Abdel Omran) Called stage of pestilence and famine= Infectious/parasitic diseases were principle causes of human deaths, along with accidents and attacks by animals and other humans= Malthus called these causes of deaths "natural check" on the growth of the human population in stage 1 of the demographic transition |
| Black Plague | Originated in Kyrgyzstan and brought from there by a Tatar army when it attacked an Italian trading post on the Black Sea= Fleeing Italians then spread the disease= Killed 1/2 of Europe's population |
| Epidemiologic Transition: Stage 2 | Called the stage of receding pandemics |
| Pandemic | Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population (improved sanitation can prevent) |
| Cholera | Was unknown in rural areas= Killed many in urban areas during Industrial Revolution= Problem solved with construction of water and sewer systems (later came back in LDCs as they moved into stage 2) |
| Report of Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britian | (Written by Edwin Chadwick) Showed how people living in poorer neighborhoods had higher chance of getting cholera than living in cleaner areas |
| Dr. John Snow | Mapped the distribution of deaths from cholera in the poor London neighborhood of Soho= Showed how it was not just the poor who were dying (was a result of sanitation) |
| Epidemiologic Transition: Stage 3 | Stage of degenerative and human created diseases is characterized by a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging= Important chronic disorders are cardiovascular disease (i.e. heart attacks) and various forms of cancer |
| Where has decline in infectious diseases been sharp? | Stage 3 countries |
| As LDCs moved from stage 2 to stage 3, infectious diseases... | Have declined |
| S. Jay Olshansky and Brian Ault | Extended Omran's epidemiologic transition to stage 4 |
| Epidemiologic Transition: Stage 4 | Stage of delayed degenerative diseases= Major degenerative causes of death (cardiovascular diseases and cancer) linger but the life expectancy of older people is extended through medical advances= Through medicine, cancers spread more slowly, operations fix heart problems, etc. |
| Epidemiologic Transition: Stage 5 | (Does not exist yet) Would be the stage of reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases= Result would be higher CDRs |
| Reason for Stage 5 | Emergence could be caused by evolution (diseases continuously evolve in response to more resistant drugs [antibiotics greatly add to this problem])= Poverty could also account for Stage 5 (EX: TB is controlled in US but kills many in LDCs)= Could also be caused by improved travel (can thus spread diseases [EX: A(H5N1) is a virus that has affected many birds= Known as avian bird flue= Not yet a pandemic but close]) |
| Pandemic | Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a large proportion of the population |
| AIDS | (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Most lethal epidemic= Strongly affected sub-Saharan Africans (1/10 of world's population is in sub-Saharan Africa and had 2/3 of the world's total HIV positive population and 9/10 of world's infected children= South Africa had most cases)= Other than Africa, country with greatest population with AIDS is India= Second highest rate of infection was in Caribbean countries (EX: Haiti wiht 4% adults having AIDS)= Caused CDR in many sub-Saharan Africa countries to rise as a result of AIDS from the mid-teens to the low 20s (life expectancy has declined from mid 50s to mid 30s) |
