| A | B |
|---|
| Mendel's laws | any of the principles first proposed by Gregor Mendel to describe the inheritance of traits passed from one generation to the next |
| dominant | Mendel's name for a specific trait that appeared in the F1 generation |
| recessive | Mendel's name for a specific trait hidden or masked in the F1 generation |
| punnett square | a type of grid used to show the gametes of each parent and their possible offspring |
| pedigree | diagrammed family history that is used to study inheritance patterns of a trait through several generations and that can be used to predict disorders in future offspring |
| test cross | breeding that can be used to determine an organism's genotype |
| phenotype | observable characteristic that is expressed as a result of an allele pair |
| co-dominance | common inheritance pattern that occurs when neither allele is dominant and both alleles are expressed |
| hybrid | organism heterozygous for a specific trait |
| incomplete dominance | complex inheritance pattern in which the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between those of the two homozygous parent organisms |
| karyotype | micrograph in which the pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged in decreasing size |
| probability | the relative possibility that an event will occur, as expressed by the ratio of the number of actual occurrences to the total number of possible occurrences |
| genotype | an organism's allele pairs |
| monohybrid | also called monohybrid cross. a genetic cross made to examine the distribution of one specific set of alleles in the resulting offspring |
| dihybrid | the offspring of parents differing in two specific pairs of genes |
| cloning | process in which large numbers of identical recombinant DNA molecules are produced |
| bioethics | the study of the ethical and moral implications of new biological discoveries and biomedical advances, as in the fields of genetic engineering and drug research |
| gel electrophoresis | process that involves using electric current to separate certain biological molecules by size |
| plasmid | any of the small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that can be used as a vector |
| recombinant DNA | newly generated DNA fragment containing exogenous DNA |
| gene | functional unit that controls inherited trait expression that is passed on from one generation to another generation |
| allele | alternative form that a single gene may have for a particular trait |
| heterozygous | organism with two different alleles for a specific trait |
| homologous chromosomes | one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent, that carries genes for a specific trait at the same location |
| homozygous | organism with two of the same alleles for a specific trait |
| malignant tumor | a tumor that invades surrounding tissues, is usually capable of producing metastases, may recur after attempted removal, and is likely to cause death unless adequately treated |
| adult stem cell | an undifferentiated cell found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ |
| embryonic stem cell | cells obtained from an embryo in the blastula phase, when they are still only a few days old |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| cell differentiation | is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type |
| Law of Independent Assortment | states that chance determines which factor for a particular trait is inherited |
| Law of Dominance | states that one of the factors for a pair of inherited traits will be dominant and the other recessive, unless both factors are recessive |
| Law of Segregation | states that during the formation of reproductive cells (gametes), pairs of hereditary factors (genes) for a specific trait separate so that offspring receive one factor from each parent |
| polymerase chain reaction | genetic engineering technique that can make copies of specific regions of a DNA fragment |
| bacterial transformation | purpose of this technique is to introduce a foreign plasmid into a bacteria and to use that bacteria to amplify the plasmid in order to make large quantities of it |
| DNA fingerprinting | separating an individual's unique sequence of DNA fragments to observe distinct banding patterns, can be used by forensic scientists to identify suspects and determine paternity |
| southern blotting technique | is a technique that enables specific sequences of DNA, or specific genes to be identified |
