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| What are the 2 major groups in Italy that influenced the Romans? | Etruscans and Greeks |
| Who were the patricians and plebeians in Roman society? What roles did the tribunes and consuls play in the government of the Roman Republic? | Patricians - upper class landowners, Ran early rome, hold high office (consul and senate). Plebeians - lower, middle class Romans, vote in elections, serve in military. Consuls - Run ov, direct army. Tribunes - represent plebeians, can veto actions that effect plebians. |
| What were the PUnic Wars? What roles did Hannibal and Scipio play in the PUnic Wars? | 3 Wary between Carthage and Rome for control of W. Med. Hannibal was Carthage's top leader during the 2nd war and led an army into Italy. Scipio eventually defeated Hannibal outside of Carthage to win the war. |
| What type of problems did the Roman Republic face as it gained control of the Mediterranean world? | Growth in gap betwen rich and poor, growth in urban poor, huge influx of slaves cost lower/ middle class their jobs. |
| Who were the Gracchus brothers and what were they trying to accomplish? How did the Roman army change that helped bring about Civil Wars? | The Gracchus brothers attempted to help the poor by getting them land and gaining their support. They were viewed as a threat to Rome's traditions and died violently. Army used to be made up of citizen volunteers who were not paid and returned to homes and jobs. New army made up of unemployed poor who expected generals to get them rewards for their service. |
| Who was in the First riumvirate? Why was it formed? How did Caesar attempt to reform Rome after he gained complete power? | Julius Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed Triumvirate to control politcal power in Rome and accomplish their individual goals. After Caesar defeated Pompey int he Civil War he extended citizenship to provto provinces, expanded the Senat, created new colonies and increased pay for soldiers along with a jobs program to aid the poor. |
| Who fought for power after Caesar was killed and who won this fight? What did this individual do to change Rome's government? | Octavian (Caesar's nephew and adopted son) fought and defeated Marc Anthony (one of Caesar's generals and supporters. Octavian became knon as Augustus and changed Rome to an Empire by collecting all real power into his hands while keeping the appearance of a Republic. |
| What did the Roman Empire do to make trade easier throughout the Empire? | Common money and road network to promote trade and tie empire together. |
| What was life like for women in Rome? Who were Roman children raised? | Initially Roman women were second class citizens but by the time of the Empire they were almost social equals (could not vote). BOys were favored, most did not attend school except for the wealthy. Boys preparef to take part in public role, women trained to be wives and mothers. |
| What does hte saying "Bread and Circuses" refer to? | "Bread and Circuses" refers to the free food and entertainment provided to the Roman poor. |
| Who helped spread the ideas of Jesus throughout the Roman Empire? How did he do this? | The Apolstles, Paul in particular began to recruit non Jewish converts. Wrote Epistles to believers and travelled the empire to spread the faith. |
| What led to the Diaspora from Judea? | 2 different revolts led to many Jewish deaths, the destruction of the Temple and many Jews driven into exile. |
| Why did hte Romans persecute Christians? How did this persecution gain respect for the Christians? | The Christians refused to worship Roman gods, seen as a dangerous cult, blamed for problems in Rome by many different leaders. Martyrs dying for faith were respected. |
| Which Roman emperor ended the persecution of Christians? | Constantine ended the persecution after seeing an image of a cross before a battle that he won. He later converted. |
| Following the death of Marcus Aurelius the Roman Empire begins to decline. What problems did hte Empire have to deal with as it began to decline? | Problems as Roman Empire began to decline included infrlation from wealth laving empire and decreased in gold and silver content of coin. Attacks by hostile tribes and pirates disrupt trade. Increased taxes hurt economic growth. Decline in agriculture as soils fertility declines in Italhy, Government begins to lose loyalty of Army and people choose not to participate in government. |
| What changes did Diocletian make in an attempt to strengthen the Empire? What changes did Constantine bring to the Empire? | Diocletion splits empire, freezes prices, doesn't let workers leave jobs (caste system), incrased size of army. Constantine - reunites empire, end persecution of Christians, moves Capital to Byzantium Constantinople) towards the empire's strength was. |
| What brought about the end of the Western Roman Empire? Who were some of the groups that moved and or attacked the Empire? | Attacks and invasions by Germanic tribes and HUns. Huns (Attila, Visigoths, Goths, Vandals, Franks. |
| What is Greco-Roman culture? What are mosiacs and frescoes? | Name for mixture of Greek, Helenistic and Roman cultures - classical civilization. Mosaics - setting of glass or stone or tile into a surface to create images. Frescoes - large murals painted onto walls of homes and buildings. |
| What influence did the language of the Romans have on Western Europe? | French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian, and many parts of English. |
| In the areas of Engineering, Architecture and Technology how did hte Romans have an influence on the present day? | Arch, dome, concrete, aqueducts and roads, public buildings copy style of Rome & Greece. |
| What ideas of Roman law are still ideas that are present in our laws today? | Equal treatment under law, innocent until proven guilty, burden of proof on accuser, punished for actions (not thoughts). |
