| A | B |
|---|
| What does the title "caliph" mean? | successor or deputy |
| Who were the "rightly guided caliphs"? | Abu-Bakr and the next three elected caliphs-Umar, Uthma, and Ali. |
| What is a "caliphate"? | the rule of the caliphs based on the Qur'an and Muhammad's actions. |
| What were four main reasons for the Muslims military success in conquering the Byzantine and Persian Empires under the rule of the four "rightly guided caliphs"? | 1)well disciplined and expertly commanded armies. 2)Unusual style of warfare. 3) Byzantine and Persian armies were exhausted militarily 4) Persecuted people who did not support the official state religion welcomed them as liberators. |
| How were Christians and Jews exempt from military duties? | They paid a poll tax each year. |
| Who were the Umayyads? | a family that came to power after the caliphs and set up a hereditary system of succession. |
| What actions of the Umayyads fundamentally divided the Muslim community? | 1)moved the capital from Mecca to Damascus 2) abandoned the simple life and adorned themselves with wealth and ceremony. |
| Who were the Shi'a? | A party of Ali that resisted the Umayyad's rule. The caliph needed to be a relative of the Prophet, Muhammad. |
| Who were the Sunni? | A party that did not outwardly resist the rule of the Umayyads and were considered followers of Muhammad's example. |
| Who were the Sufi? | Another group that reacted to the luxurious life of the Umayyads by pursuing a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path (meditation and chanting). |
| Who were the Abbasids? | the most powerful of the rebel groups that overthrew the Umayyads in the year 750 and took control of the empire. |
| Who were the al-Andalus? | an extroardinary Muslim state in Sourthern Spain. They were originally from the Berber tribe led by Jabal Tariq from North Africa. |
| What did the Abbasids do to solidify their power over the former Persian lands including Iraq, Iran, and central Asia? | They moved the capital of the empire to Baghdad in southern Iraq. |
| How did the Abbasids support their strong bureaucracy to conduct the huge empire affairs? | The Abbasids taxed lands, imports, and exports, and non-Muslims' wealth. |
| What was the Fatimad Dynasty? | Dynasty named after Muhammad's daughter Fatima which began in North Africa and spread across the Red Sea to Western Arabia and Syria. |
| What was the importance of the two major sea-trading zones: the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean? | They linked the Muslim Empire into a world system of trade by sea. |
| How was the land network advantageous? | It connected the Silk Roads of China and India with Europe and Africa. |
| What was the Muslim language? | Arabic |
| What was the Muslim currency? | Abbasid dinar |
| How did Muslims encourage the flow of trade? | Muslim money changers set up banks in cities throughout the empire. Banks offered letters of credit called sakks to merchants. |
