| A | B |
|---|
| Origin | End of a muscle fixed to a stationary bone |
| Insertion | End of a muscle attached to a moveable bone |
| belly | Fleshy portion of muscle between origin and insertion |
| Agonist | Muscle causing the desired action |
| Antagonist | Has opposite effect of agonist, but yields to its movement |
| Synergist | Muscles which help by steadying or balancing |
| Flexion | Decreasing angle between articulating bones |
| Extension | Increasing angle between articulating bones |
| Abduction | Movement away from the midline |
| Adduction | Movement toward the midline |
| Three characteristics of muscle tissue | Contract/extend, elasticity and extensibility |
| Arthritis | Inflammation of joints |
| Arthritis types | Rheumotoid, Osteoarthritis and Gout |
| Slipped disc | Intervetebral disc being squeezed to one side due to injury, poor posture or deformity |
| Whiplash | Ligaments between vertebrae stretch and tear due to shock |
| Paraplegia | Paralysis in lower limbs |
| Quadraplegia | Paralalysis in all 4 limbd |
| Fulcrum | Fixed point |
| Muscle tone | Maintenance of partail contraction of skeletal muscles |
| Three muscle types | Skeletal, Cardiac and smooth |
| Major functions of the skeleton | Muscle attachment for movement, framework for support, storage for minerals, provides protection for body organs, Production of red blood cells |
| Axial skeleton involves... | Skull, vertebral column, rib cage |
| Appendicular skeeton involves... | Shoulder grdle, arm, pelvic girdle, leg |
| Spongy bone | Provides strength and lightness to bones, provides space for red marrow |
| Compact bone | provides structural strength - support |
| Diaphysis | Hollow but strong shaft of the bone which provides strength with min. weight |
| Epiphysis | End of the bone whose surface provides joints for articulation |
| Medullary canal | Contains yellow marrow and reduces the weight of complete bone storage site |
| Yellow marrow | Storage of fat |
| Red marrow | Produces red blood cells |
| Endosteum | Seperates bone marrow from bone |
| periosteum | covers external surface of bone and growth is initiated? |
| Signs of a fracture | bleeding, swelling, pain, inability to move that part, abnormal shape or movement |
| First aid for a fracture | DR ABC, Treat for shock, cover wound, immobilise part, elevate, seek medical aid |
| Ball and socket | Spherical head of one bone fits into the cuplike cavity of another, hip (femur to pelvis), shoulder (humerus to scapula), large degree of movement |
| Gliding | Movement occurs ub any direction in a side to side or back and forth motion, between carpal bones, clavicle to sternum and clavicle to scapula |
| Hinge | Movement one way only, elbow, knee, phalanges, ankle |
| Pivot | One bone articulates woth a ring - bone and ligament, atlas/axis, radius/ulna |
| Saddle | Thumb |
| Fibrous joint | Bones close together held together by strong bands of connective tissue, prevents movement at the joint, cranial sutures |
| Cartilaginous | Bones connected by bands of slightly elastic cartilage, to allow a slight degree of movement, Vertebrae or pelvis |
| Synovial | Bones connected by a fibrous capsule that provides support but allows movement, Joint lubricated by synovial fluid, to allow large degree of movement in many directions, knee, shoulder, elbow, hip |
| Tendon | connective tissue that joins muscles to bones |
| Joint | Site where 2 or more bones articualte |
| ligament | Connective tissue that joins bone to bonee |
| Cartilage | Connective tissue that provides strength and elasticity eg nose, ear, hyaline cartilage in synovial joints |
| Foramen magnum | Hole in the base of the skull |
| Rotation | Movement around the long axis of the bone |
| Circumduction | Movement in 360 degrees eg combo of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction |
| Why muscles work in agonistic pairs | So that one muscle can cause movement in a direction and an opposite one would cause movement in the other direction because muscles can only contract |
| Flexors and extensors as antagonist muscles | A flexor muscle, when contracted, will cause flexion at the joint. For extension the antagonist muscle must contract and thus cause extension of the joint |
| Muscles in upper limb | Trapezius, Pectoralis major, deltoid, brachialis, brachioradialis, teres minor, teres major, latissimus dorsi, pronator teresBiceps, triceps |
| Muscles in lower limb | gluteals, patellar tendon, gastrocneumius, soleus, hamstrings, quadriceps, calcanean tendon and anterior tibialis |
| Capsule | Encloses the joint to prevent it dislocating |
| Synovial memebrane | Secretes synovial fluid into the capsule |
| Synovial fluid | lubricates joint, provides nourishment for cells of the articular cartilage |
| Articualr cartilage | Provides smooth, frictionless surface |
| Bursae | Act as shock absorbers |
| Lever | A rigid structure that, when a force is applied, moves about a fulcrum |
| Fixator | When a synergist immobilises a joint to stop it flexing |
| what the ribcage is made up of... | - True rib, - false ribs, - |
| Acetabulum | Socket which takes head of the thigh bone to form hip joint |
| Muscular strength | Force a muscle group can exert against a resistance in one major effort |
| Muscular endurance | Ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly |
| Flexibility | Observing the range of motion of a joint |
| Atrophy | When a limb is placed in a cast or when a nerve serving a muscle is damaged |
| Paralysis | Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle below the break point |
| Strain | Overstretching a msucle or tendon |
| Spasm | Sudden, involuntary contractions of short duration |
| Cramps | Involuntary, sustained contractions that lack even partial relaxation |
| Convulsion | Violent, involuntary contractions of an entire muscle group |
| Fibrillation | Uncoordinated contractions of individual muscle fibres |
| tics | involuntary, spasmodic twitching of muscles |
| Duchenne | Muscular dystrophy that affects males |
| Tendinitis | Inflammation of the tandon sheaths surrounding the joints |
| Joints can be classified by... | by range of movement (Functional) and structurally |
| Fixed/immovable | No movement occurs between the bones concerned |
| Dislocation | Bone is displaced from a joint with the tearing of ligaments, tendons or Capsules |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | inflammation of the joint, swelling, pain and loss of function. Affects small joints. Pannus fills joint, restricting movement |
| Pannus | Abnormal tissue, produced by the synovial membrane |
| Osteoarthritis | Degenerative joint disease resulting from ageing, irritation, wear and abrasion. Articular cartilage deteriorates. |
