| A | B |
|---|
| Prester John | mythical figure that inspired Portuguese exploration to the east |
| The Travels of John Mandeville | described the travels of an English knight who left England around 1322 and journeyed throughout Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Persia, and Turkey. |
| Marco Polo | the man who introduced Europeans to the Orient |
| "God, glory and gold" | Roots for exploration |
| portolani | charts of landmasses and coastlines made by navigators and mathematicians in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries |
| Ptolemy's Geography | contained an estimate of the size of Earth, a description of its surface, and a list of places located by latitude and longitude |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations |
| the Gold Coast | Section of the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, western Africa. |
| Bartholomeu Dias | Portuguese discoverer of the Cape of Good Hope |
| Vasco da Gama and Calicut | Portugese explorer who opened up sea route to India |
| Alfonso de Albuquerque | Established Portuguese trading post of Goa |
| Malacca | The Historical State of Malaysia |
| Spice Islands | Discovered in the early 16th century, the islands were settled by the Portuguese but taken in the 17th century by the Dutch, who used them as the basis for their monopoly of the spice trade. |
| Christopher Columbus | voyages across the Atlantic Ocean—funded by the Spanish crown—led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere |
| John Cabot | Italian / English explorer of Newfoundland |
| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Spanish explorer whose expedition was the first to circumnavigate the earth |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Agreement which divided non-Christian lands between Spain and Portugal |
| Hernan Cortes and Moctezuma | led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the King of Castile |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish general who conquered the Incan empire |
| encomienda | grant of Indians within a geographic region |
| audiencias | royal court of justice in Spain and the Spanish Empire |
| Slave trade | Capturing, selling, and buying of slaves |
| Dutch East India Company | Trading company founded by the Dutch in 1602 to protect their trade in the Indian Ocean and to assist in their war of independence from Spain |
| Batavia | Ship of the Dutch East India Company |
| Mughal Empire | Muslim empire in India |
| British East India Company | English chartered company formed for trade with East and Southeast Asia and India, incorporated in 1600. |
| Robert Clive | conquered and organized Bengal for the East India Company |
| "Black Hole of Calcutta" | A cell in the jail of a British fort |
| Nagasaki | The first Japanese port to be opened to foreign trade in the 16th century |
| The New Netherlands | Founded in 1624 at Fort Orange by the Dutch West India Company, the colony was part of Dutch plans for further expansion in America |
| Navigation Acts | English laws in the 17th – 18th centuries that required the use of English or colonial ships to carry English trade |
| Samuel de Champlain | Established the first French settlement in Canada |
| The asiento | concession made by Spain to Britain at Utrecht in 1713 of the right to supply negro slaves to the Spanish empire |
| inflation | a sustained rise in the price level |
| Joint stock trading companies | company or association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who recieve dividends on their investment while a board of directors runs the company |
| House of Fugger | prosperous merchant family in Augsburg, which became a great banking |
| mercantilism | belief that the total volume of trade was unchangeable |
| mestizos and mulattoes | Person of mixed European and Indian bloodlines, person of mixed European and African bloodlines |
| Columbian Exchange | the reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas |
| Gerardus Mercator | Naval cartographer |
| lateen sails & square rigs | enabled sails to be quickly and efficiently maneuvered to take advantage of wind power |
| magnetic compass | pointed to the magnetic northn makingit easier to determine direction |
| astrolabe | used to determine latitude by measuring the altitude if celestial bodies |
| the Aztecs | conquered by Hernando Cortes |
| Tenochititlan | Aztec capital |
| the Inca | located along the Andes mountains in modern day Peru. Conquered by Francisco Pizzaro |
| sugar factories | first introduced slavery into the new world for labor |
| Pachakuti | the name of a flood that Viracocha caused to destroy the people around Lake Titicaca. It has a very deep meaning in the language and traditions. Some people would translate it as "revolution" |
| Ming and Qing Dynasty | economy was stimulated by maritime trade with the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch. became involved in a new global trade of goods, plants, animals, and food crops known as the Columbian Exchange |
| Tokugawa Shoguns | The visits of the Nanban ships from Portugal were at first the main vector of trade exchanges, followed by the addition of Dutch, English and sometimes Spanish ships |
| Lord Macartney and Emperor Quanlong | historically significant because it marked a missed opportunity by the Chinese to move toward some kind of accommodation with the West. This failure would continue to plague the Qing Dynasty as it encountered increasing foreign pressures and internal unrest during the 19th century |
| Boers and Cape town | other employees of the Dutch East India Company were sent to the Cape to establish a way-station for ships travelling to the Dutch East Indies. Britain captured Cape Town in 1795. Conflicts between the Boer republics in the interior and the British colonial government. |
