| A | B |
|---|
| feudalism | system of rule by lords who owe loyalty to a king |
| manor | castle and land owned by a powerful lord |
| serfs | peasants bound to the land for life |
| Crusades | series of wars between Christians and Muslims from 1000-1300 |
| magnetic compass | instrument with a needle always pointing north |
| astrolabe | instrument to determine latitude using the stars |
| Renaissance | rebirth of learning from 1300-1600 |
| Johannes Gutenberg | inventor of the printing press |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | founded school to help sailors explore |
| caravel | type of sailing vessel using triangular sails |
| Mansa Musa | real name of Musa Mali, ruler of West African kingdom |
| colony | settlers in a distant land ruled by their native government |
| Queen Isabella | Spanish queen who funded the voyage of Columbus |
| conquistadors | Spanish conquerers who marched into the Americas |
| Spanish borderlands | area spanning from Florida to California |
| pueblos | centers of farming and trade |
| presidios | forts with high adobe walls |
| missions | religious settlements run by Catholic priests and friars |
| St. Augustine | Spanish settlement in present day Florida |
| peninsulares | highest social class in Spanish colonies |
| creoles | people born in the Americas of Spanish parents |
| mestizos | people of mixed Spanish and Indian background, workers |
| encomiendas | right to demand labor or taxes from Native Americans |
| plantations | large estates farmed by many workers |
| northwest passage | waterway through or around North America |
| kanata | Iroquois word for settlement (Canada) |
| Protestant Reformation | movement that split Christians into groups |
| couruers de bois | runners of the woods |
| Father of the Waters | Mississippi River |
| New Amsterdam | Dutch settlelment of Manhattan Island |
| Peter Minuit | Dutchman who founded New Amsterdam in 1626 |
| Algonquins | Native American allies of the French |
| Iroquois | Native American allies of the Dutch |
| <I>Half Moon</I> | name of Henry Hudson's ship |
| Columbian Exchange | transfer of goods and ideas between West Indies and Europe |
| Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (1487-88) |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer sailed around Africa to India (1497-98) |
| Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese explorer reached Brazil (1500) |
| Christopher Columbus | Explored West Indies and Caribbean (1492-1504) |
| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Spanish explorer who first sighted the Pacific Ocean (1513) |
| Juan Ponce de Leon | Explored Puerto Rico and Florida |
| Francisco Coronado | Explored southwestern North America (1540-42) |
| Hernando De Soto | Explored Central America |
| Juan Cabrillo | Explored west coast of North America (1542-3) |
| John Cabot | Explored east coast of North America (1497-1501) |
| Henry Hudson | explored Hudson Bay, Hudson River and East Coast (1610-11) |
| Giovanni da Verrazano | explored East Coast and New York Harbor (1524) |
| Jacques Cartier | explored St. Lawrence River (1534-42) |
| Samuel de Champlain | founded Quebec |
| Jacques Narquette/Louis Joliet | Explored along the Mississippi River (1673) |
| Robert LaSalle | explored Great Lakes to mouth of Mississippi River (1679-82) |
