| A | B |
|---|
| Massasoit | Wampanoag chief who made a peace agreement with the Pilgrims in 1621 |
| Wampanoag | American Indian tribe at the time of the Pilgrims |
| Metacomet | Wampanoag Indian who opposed the colonists' expansion efforts and was killed in King Philip's War |
| King Philip's War | 1765 conflict between the colonists and the Wampanoag caused by expansion efforts |
| militia | civilians serving as soldiers |
| Iroquois League | powerful group of six American Indian tribes; traded and allied with English colonists |
| King William's War | first conflict between England and France; 1689-1697; did not change colonial boundaries in North America |
| Queen Anne's War | second conflict between England and France (with Spain); 1702-1713; England received Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia from France |
| King George's War | third conflict between England and France; 1740's; furthered competition for the Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes |
| Albany Plan of Union | document which called for all the colonies except Georgia to unite in order to fight the French; 1754; written by Benjamin Franklin; rejected by the colonies and Parliament |
| Fort Duquesne | French fort built on the Ohio River during the Albany meeting |
| Fort Necessity | fort built by George Washington near the Ohio River; attacked by the French, forcing Washington to surrender; started the French and Indian War |
| casualties | killed, injured, or captured soldiers |
| French and Indian War | conflict between Britian and France on North American soil; begun in 1756 with Washington's defeat at Fort Necessity; Britain unofficially won in 1763 |
| Seven Years' War | a period of worldwide fighting; included the French and Indian War in the colonies and fighting in Europe |
| Edward Braddock | British general sent to command the forces in North America; ambushed and killed by French and Indian troops when trying to attack Fort Duquesne |
| James Wolfe | British general who captured Quebec, the capital of New France; killed in the battle; turning point of the French and Indian War |
| Treaty of Paris | document which officially ended the French and Indian War in 1763; created peace between Britain and France; Britain received Canada and Florida |
| backcountry | thinly populated frontier area between the coastal settlements and the Appalachian Mountains |
| pioneers | first Europeans to settle the frontier |
| Ohio River Valley | frontier land past the Appalachian Mountains which were found to be fertile and abounding with wild game; controlled by the British but populated by American Indian tribes |
| Chief Pontiac | Ottowa chief who led forces of different Indian tribes to resist the British in their efforts to expand onto their land after the French and Indian War |
| Pontiac's Rebellion | conflict between the Indians and Britain due due pioneer expansion; 1763-1766; Indians surrendered |
| Fort Detroit | British fort which the American Indians attempted to capture during Pontiac's Rebellion; they failed |
| King George III | Britain's King who issued the Proclamation of 1763 |
| Proclamation of 1763 | law which banned the British from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains; created a border between colonial and American Indian lands; ordered colonists to move away from settlements in the Ohio River Valley; disregarded by many colonists such as Daniel Boone |
| George Grenville | British Prime Minister and Lord of the Treasury who asked Parliament to tax the colonists in order to pay for the standing army in North America |
| Sugar Act | law passed by the British Parliament in 1764 which set taxes on molasses and sugar imported by colonists; first act passed specifically to raise money in the colonies |
| duties | taxes |
| James Otis | a lawyer from Boston who was one of the first colonists to protest taxation by Parliament |
| Samuel Adams | Boston leader who spoke out against British taxation without colonial consent |
| "No Taxation without Representation" | slogan against British taxes in the colonies |
| Committees of Correspondence | groups that contacted other towns and colonies, sharing ideas and information about the new British laws and ways to challenge them; founded in part by Samuel Adams |
| boycott | a popular protest method in which people refuse to buy certain goods |
| Stamp Act | law passed by the British Parliament in 1765 which required colonists to pay for an official stamp whenever they bought paper items; had to be paid on legal documents; licenses, newspapers, pamphlets, and even playing cards; repealed by Parliament in 1766 after much pressure by London merchants and colonists |
| Sons of Liberty | secret societies of colonists who opposed British taxation; sometimes used violence to frighten tax collectors |
| Patrick Henry | colonist who presented a series of resolutions to the House of Burgesses in Virginia which stated that the Stamp Act violated the rights of the colonists as British citizens; accused of treason |
| House of Burgesses | government building in Virginia in which Patrick Henry gave his famous resolutions against British taxation |
| repeal | to end a law or act |
| Declaratory Act | a law issued by the British Parliament which stated that Parliament had the power to make laws for the colonies in all cases; made in response to the colonists' challenge to their authority |
| Townshend Acts | laws passed by the British Parliament in 1767 which placed duties on imported glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea; paid for military costs and the salaries of colonial governors |
| Writs of Assistance | special forms used by British officials which allowed tax collectors to search for smuggled goods; hated by colonists because they violated colonists' constitutional rights |
| Daughters of Liberty | organization of women which supported the boycott of British goods |
| Liberty | ship seized by tax collectors in Massachusetts on suspicion of smuggling; owned by Boston merchant John Hancock; began the colonist attacks on the houses of customs officials |
| Francis Bernard | Massachusetts governor who broke up the legislature and asked troops to restore order after colonists began to attack customs officials' homes |
| Crispus Attucks | African American colonist who was killed in the Boston Massacre |
| James Calwell and Patrick Carr | colonists who were killed in the Boston Massacre |
| Thomas Preston | British officer who was charged with murder - along with his soldiers - in the killings of the Boston Massacre; found guilty |
| Josiah Quincy and John Adams | Boston lawyers who agreed to defend the soldiers who were charged with murder for the deaths of the Boston Massacre |
| propaganda | information giving only one side in an argument |
| Boston Massacre | incident in which British soldiers fired into a group of angry colonists, killing five people |
| British East India Company | tea company who offered Parliament the option of selling its tea directly to the colonies in order to charge lower prices; accused of trying to monopolize the tea trade |
| Tea Act | law passed by the British Parliament in 1773 which allowed the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies, undermining colonial tea merchangs; led to the Boston Tea Party |
| Boston Tea Party | protest against the Tea Act in which a group of colonists boarde British tea ships and dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor |
| Lord North | British Prime Minister at the time of the Boston Tea Party |
| Coercive Acts | laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 in order to help bring back order in the colonies by making an example of Massachusetts; only made more people angry; 1) Boston Harbor was closed until Boston paid for the lost tea; 2) The Massachusetts charter was canceled; 3) Royal officials accused of crimes were sent to Britain for trial; 4) The Quartering Act forced colonists to house and supply British Soldiers; 5) General Thomas Gage was the new governor of Massachusetts |
| Intolerable Acts | the colonist name for the laws passed by the British Parliament in reponse to the Boston Tea Party |
| Quartering Act | law passed by the British Parliament which forced colonists to house and supply British troops; part of the Coercive Acts |
| Mercy Otis Warren | colonist author who wrote plays against the acts of the British Parliament such as The Group and The Blockheads |
| The Group and The Blockheads | two plays written by Mercy Otis Warren which criticized the British government's actions |
