| A | B |
|---|
| Alzheimer's disease | a condition occurring mostly in old age, characterized by increasingly severe memory loss, confusion, depression, and disorganized thinking |
| amnesia | the severe loss or deterioration of memory |
| anterograde amnesia | the inability to store new long-term memories |
| chunking | the process of grouping digits or letters into meaningful segments |
| confabulations | attempts made by amnesic patients to fill in the gaps in their memory, mostly with out-of-date information |
| cued recall | a method of testing the memory by asking someone to remember a certain item after being given a hint |
| declarative memory | the recall of factual information |
| dissociation | a condition in which memory is stored but cannot be retrieved |
| encoding specificity principle | the tendency for the associations formed at the time of learning to be more effective retrieval cues than other associations |
| episodic memory | a memory for specific events in a person's life |
| explicit memory | a memory that a person can state, generally recognizing that it is the correct answer |
| false memory | a report that someone believes to be a memory but that does not actually correspond to real events |
| free recall | a method of testing memory by asking someone to produce a certain item without substantial hints, as on an essay or short-answer test |
| hindsight bias | the tendency to mold our recollections of the past to fit how events later turned out |
| hippocampus | a forebrain structure in the interior of the temporal lobe that is important for storing certain kinds of memories |
| implicit memory | a memory that influences behavior without requiring conscious recognition that one is using a memory |
| infant amnesia | a relative lack of declarative memories from early in life |
| information-processing model | the view that information is processed, coded, and stored in various ways in human memory as it is in a computer |
| Korsakoff's syndrome | a condition caused by a prolonged defiency of vitamin B1, which results in both retrograde and anterograde amnesia |
| levels-of-processing principle | the concept that the number and types of associations established during learning determine the ease of later retrieval of a memory |
| long-term memory | a relatively permanent store of information |
| memory | the process of retaining information or the information retained |
| method of loci | a mnemonic device that calls for linking the items on a list with a memorized list of places |
| mnemonic device | any memory aid that is based on encoding each item in a special way |
| priming | the temporarily increased probability of using a word as a result of recently reading or hearing it |
| proactive interference | the hindrance that an older memory produces on a newer one |
| procedural memory | the retention of learned skills |
| recognition | a method of testing memory by asking someone to choose the correct item from a set of alternatives |
| reconstruction | putting together an account of past events, based partly on memories and partly on expectations on what must have happened |
| recovered memory | a report of a long-lost memory, prompted by clinical techniques |
| repression | according to Freudian theory, the process of moving a memory, motivation, or emotion from the conscious mind to the unconscious mind |
| retrieval cue | information associated with remembered material, which can be useful for helping to recall that material |
| retroactive interference | the impairment that a newer memory produces on an older one |
| retrograde amnesia | the loss of memory for events that occurred before the brain damage |
| savings method | a method of testing memory by measuring how much faster someone can relearn something than learn something for the first time |
| semantic memory | memory of general principles |
| sensory store | a very brief storage of sensory information |
| serial-order effect | the tendency to remember the items near the beginning and end of a list better than those in the middle |
| short-term memory | a temporary storage of a limited amount of information |
| SPAR method | a systematic way to moniter and improve understanding of a text by surveying, processing meaningfully, asking questions, and reviewing |
| state-dependent memory | the tendency to remember something better if your body is in the same condition during recall as it was during the original learning |
| working memory | a system that processes and works with current information, including three components - a central executive, a phonological loop, and a visuospatial sketchpad |
