| A | B |
|---|
| Nominative Case | The form of the noun when it is the SUBJECT of the sentence (do-er of the action: GIRL sits). |
| Genitive Case | The form of the noun when it is a POSSESSOR: the GIRL'S dog sits. |
| Accusative Case | The form of the noun when it is the DIRECT OBJECT of the sentence (I see the GIRL) or the object of some prepositions (I walk to the HOUSE) |
| Ablative Case | The form of the noun when it is the object of some prepositions (I walk out of the HOUSE) or the thing used to do something (I write WITH A PEN). |
| Accusative Objects | The objects of prepositions are accusative when the preposition is AD (to, toward), PER (through), PROPE (near), IN (into, onto), and some more to come. |
| Ablative Objects | Objects of prepositions are ablative when the prepositions are: EX (out of), IN (in, on), SUB (under) |
| Nominative forms | 1st declension: PUELLA sedet/PUELLAE sedent; 2nd declension: SERVUS laborat/SERVI laborant; 3rd declension: URBS est magna/URBES sunt magnae |
| Genitive forms | 1st declension: villa PUELLAE est magna/ villae PUELLARUM sunt magnae; 2nd: villa AMICI est magna/ villae AMICORUM sunt magnae; 3rd: villa PRINCIPIS est magna/ villae PRINCIPUM sunt magnae |
| Accusative forms | 1st: PUELLAM video/PUELLAS video; 2nd: AMICUM video/ AMICOS video; 3rd: VOCEM audio/ VOCES audio |
| Ablative forms | 1st e VILLĀ ambulo/e VILLIS ambulamus; 2nd: STILO scribo/ STILIS scribimus; 3rd: sub ARBORE sedeo/sub ARBORIBUS sedemus |
| The verb est/sunt | The verb 'to be' (I am, you are, he is) does not have a direct object: PUELLA est AMICA (both nouns are in the nominative form) |
| Verbs like: I am running | if the action is "run", you don't need two conjugated verbs to express that action in Latin: CURRO. |
| Vocative Case | The form of the noun when someone is calling someone else by name or title. In most cases, it looks just like the nominative case, unless the name usually ends in -us or -ius. |
| Vocative forms | Usually looks just like the nominative, except: Marcus = MARCE, Cornelius = CORNELI. |
| Imperative | The command form of a verb: Tace! (be quiet to one person) Tacete! (be quiet to more than one person). Noli clamare! (don't shout to one person) Nolite clamare! (don't shout to more than one person) |
| Verbs that end in -o (laboro) | Subject is "I" (I work) |
| Verbs that end in -s (laboras) | Subject is "you" (You work) |
| Verbs that end in -t (laborat) | Subject is "he, she" (He or she works) |
| Verbs that end in -mus (laboramus) | Subject is "we" (We work) |
| Verbs that end in -tis (laboratis) | Subject is "you" plural (You all work) |
| Verbs that end in -nt (laborant) | Subject is "they" (They work) |
| Noli/Nolite | "Don't" used in imperative forms with the infinitive: noli clamare: don't shout |
| Infinitive Form | The unconjugated form of a verb (usually ends in -re), it is translated as "to (verb)" e.g.: celare: to hide) |
| Imperfect Tense | translates into English as "was verbing" or "used to verb," in Latin it is typically represented by a -BA- before the ending. |
| Imperfect Tense for irregular verbs | For the verbs "to be/esse" and "to be able/posse", the imperfect tense is signified by -ERA- before the ending |
| Neuter nouns | some nouns are designated as 'neuter,' this will ONLY affect the nominative and accuastive forms (nom and acc plural will be -A ending, nom and acc singular will look like each other) |
