| A | B |
|---|
| mutation | change in DNA sequence that affects genetic information |
| gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and determines a trait |
| framshift | type of gene mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide |
| insertion | a type of frameshift mutation that adds a nucleotide |
| deletion | a type of frameshift mutation that deleting a nucleotide |
| point | type of gene mutation that affects a single nucleotide usually by substituting one nucleotide for another |
| chromosomal | changes in # or structure of chromosomes |
| deletion (chromasomal) | deleting part of the chromosome |
| duplication | having 2 of the same part of a chromosome |
| inversion | part of the chromosome becomes inverted |
| translocation | part of 1 chromosome breaks off and attaches to another |
| trait | a distinguishing feature of an organism |
| gene | unit of inherited info. that controls a trait in an organism |
| allele | diff. forms of the gene that cause variations in a trait |
| genotype | the genetic code or "letters" that stand for a trait |
| homozygous | having 2 identical alleles |
| heterozygous | having 2 different alleles |
| dominant | traits that can be seen |
| recessive | traits that can be hidden |
| incomplete dominance | 1 form of a trait is not dominant or recessive to the other |
| codominant | 1 allele not dominant over the other, both are expresses |
| multiple alleles | more than 2 alleles are possible for a trait |
| polygenic traits/multiple genes | controlled by more than 1 pair of alleles, interaction of several genes |
| non-disjunction | error during meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to seperate |
| autosome | chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes |
| sex chromosomes | 1 of 2 chromosomes that determine an individuals sex |
| genetics | the study of how traits are passed on from parents to offspring |
| P1 generation | the parents |
| F1 generation | the offspring of P1 |
| F2 | the offspring of F1 |
| Gregor Mendel | laid important groundwork for understanding biological inheritance |
| The law of segregation | when allele pairs separate during gamete formation and randomly unite at fertilization |
| The law of independent assortment | when 2 or more characteristics are inherited and individual heredity factors assort independently during gamete production |
| HeTeRoZyGoUs | traits that have two different alleles |
| Probability | the likelihood that a particular event will occur |
| karyotype | a picture of chromosomes arranged in matching pairs |
| sex-linked trait | the information on the sex chromosomes |
| pedigree | a family record that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations |
| monosomy | one chromosome of one pair is missing |
| trisomy | having an extra chromosome in any of the chromosome pairs |
| down syndrome | extra 21st chromosome (Trisomy 21) |
