| A | B |
|---|
| Motives for European Exploration | Find water route to Asia, spread Christianity, gain political status |
| Bartholomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope of Africa in 1488 |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer who rounded Africa and made his way to India in 1497 |
| Christopher Columbus | Searching for a western water route to Asia, he landed in the Caribbean thus discovering the "New World" |
| Ferdinand Magellan | First European to cross the Pacific |
| Commercial Revolution | The changing nature of trade and business where nations competed to expand their empires overseas |
| Mercantilism | Economic theory with the goal of maintaining a favorable trade balance where exports are greater than imports |
| Joint stock company | Commercial venture that brought together many investors to minimize risks |
| Hernan Cortes | Conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico |
| Francisco Pizarro | Conquered the Incan Empire in South America |
| Advantages of Conquistadors | Steel armor, guns, horses, alliances disease |
| Columbian Exchange | Global exchange between New and Old Worlds that included food, plants, animals, people, resources and disease |
| viceroy | Oversaw Spanish territory in the Americas; reported directly to the king |
| Missionaries | Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits who sought to spread Christianity in the New World |
| Seven Years' War | Series of conflicts that reflected the intense commercial rivalries that developed among Europeans |
| Encomienda System | Feudal like system used by the Spanish in the New World where land was granted to Natives to work; natives treated harshly and missionaries fought to end it |
| Hacienda | Large agricultural estate in colonial Latin America |
| Peons | Peasants who worked on haciendas |
| Conquest of Manila | Spanish control of the Philippine city marked the birth of world trade |
| lateen sails | allowed ships to sail in any direction |
| astrolabe | used by sailors to determine latitude |
| sternpost rudder | invention by the Chinese which improved navigation |
