| A | B |
|---|
| energy | The capacity to do work or to cause heat flow. |
| law of conservation of energy | Energy can be converted from one form to another but can be neither created nor destroyed. |
| potential energy | Energy due to position or composition. |
| kinetic energy | 1/2 mv^2. Energy due to the motion of an object. |
| heat | Energy transferred between two objects due to a temperature difference between them. |
| work | Force acting over a distance. |
| pathway | Energy change is independent of this but work and heat are both dependent of this. |
| state function (property) | A property that is independent of the pathway. |
| system | That part of the universe on which attention is to be focused. |
| surroundings | Everything in the universe surrounding a thermodynamic system. |
| exothermic | Refers to a reaction where energy (as heat) flows out of the system. |
| endothermic | /refers ti a reactuib wgere ebergt (as heat) flows into the system. |
| thermodynamics | A study of energy and its interconversions. |
| first law of thermodynamics | The energy of the universe in constant: Same as law of conservation of energy. |
| internal energy | A property of a system that can be changed by flow of work, heat or both. Delta E = q + w |
| enthalpy | E + PV |
| calorimeter | A device used experimentally to determine the heat associated with a chemical reaction. |
| calorimetry | The science of measuring heat flow. |
| heat capacity | The amount of energy required to raise the terperature of an object by one degree Celsius. |
| specific heat capacity | The energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. |
| molar heat capacity | The energy required to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by one degree Celsius. |
| constant-pressure calorimetry | Measurent of heat with a device when the pressure remains constant. |
| constant-volume calorimetry | Measurement of heat with a device when the volume remains constant. |
| Hess's law | In going from a set of reactants to a set of products, the enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps - enthalpy is a state function. |
| standard enthalpy of formation | The enthalpy change that accompanies the formation of one mole of a compound at 25 degress C from its elements, with all substances in their standard states at that temperature. |
| standard state | A reference state for a specific substance defined according to a set of conventional definitions. |
| fossil fuels | Coal, petroleum, or natural gas; Consists of carbon-based molecules derived from decomposition of once-living organisms. |
| petroleum | A thick, dark liquid composed mostly of hydrocarbons that contain carbon and hydrogen. |
| natural gas | methane with some ethane, propane and butane. |
| coal | Formed from the remains of plants that were buried and subjected to high pressure and heat over long periods of time. |
| greenhouse effect | A warming effect exerted by the earth's atmosphere due to thermal energy retained by absorption of infrared radiation. |
| syngas | Synthetic gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, obtained by coal gasification. |
