| A | B |
|---|
| Categorical grants | provide funds for narrowly defined and specific purposes. They also come with “strings” or special requirements that stipulate and restrict how the funds will be used. These grants hold the states fiscally accountable for expending the grant funds within the narrow restrictions stipulated within each grant. |
| Block grants | were created to give the states greater flexibility. Although these grants are given for specific policy areas, such as community development, public assistance, or health care, they give the states greater discretion in how the funds are used within each respective policy area. |
| Federalism | is a constitutional division of governmental power between a central or national government and regional governmental units, such as states, with each having some independent authority over its citizens. |
| Dual federalism | was characterized by more conflict than intergovernmental cooperation as the federal and state governments attempted to distinguish their respective powers, roles, and relationships. This reinforced the philosophy that federal and state governments were separate. |
| Cooperative federalism | describes federal, state, and local governments working together in the public interest; cooperating rather than competing and conflicting. |
| Picket-fence federalism | describes a form of federalism in which public administrators and special-interest groups form relationships at various levels of government to exert considerable power over programs that cut across the levels of government. |
| Judicial federalism | suggests that the judiciary, particularly the U.S. Supreme Court, continues to define the relationship between the federal government and the states. |
| Federal administrative regions | resulted from the federal government’s attempt to bring federal-government closer to the public through decentralization. There are 10 federal administrative regions in the U.S., and the regional offices are located in major cities. |
| Regional councils of governments | were encouraged to form in large metropolitan areas to coordinate major policy and administrative activities at the state and local level. These policy areas included transportation planning, economic development, criminal justice, and water and wastewater treatment. |
| Functional conflict | is a positive form of conflict that can improve individual and group performance and support the attainment of organizational goals. |
| Dysfunctional conflict | is a negative form of conflict that can hinder individual and group performance and detract from the attainment of organizational goals. |
| Intrapersonal conflict | appears within an individual and is usually associated with a personal goal. |
| Role conflict | appears when individuals have different role expectations about tasks and behaviors. |
| Role ambiguity | occurs when the expected tasks and behaviors associated with a role are not clearly defined or clearly communicated. |
| The bargaining or conflict model | is a communication model that assumes the presence in an organization of considerable sustained conflict, strong tendencies toward secrecy, and motives of expediency on the part of most individuals. |
| The consensual or consensus-building model | is a communication model, which assumes that by cooperation instead of power struggles, and political trade-offs, administrators may seek to reach agreement with potential adversaries as a means of furthering mutual aims. |
| The thinking-speaking differential | is reflective of the observation that we normally think more than three times faster than we speak. |
| Communication channels | represent the modalities of communication such as email, telephone, instant messaging, online-shared WebPages, meetings, group-video conferences, desktop video conferences, and others. |
| Channel richness | refers to the ability of each communication channel to handle multiple cues simultaneously, facilitate rapid feedback, and be very personal. |
