| A | B |
|---|
| Clergy | religious officials |
| monostaries | A community of persons especially monks, bound by vows to a religious life and often living in complete seclusion and the building they practiced in. |
| Gregory I | Made the church a political force, used funds to to raise armies |
| Papal States | Lands controlled by the church around Rome |
| The Franks | One of the germanic tribes that attached the Roman Empire |
| Clovis | Frankish leader who made an alliance between his tribe and the Catholic Church |
| Charlemagne/ His accomplishments | Frankish king, defeated muslims at the battle of Tours, kept the Muslims in check |
| Vikings/ Magyars/ Muslims | Invaders who caused the feudal system to be put into effect |
| Fief | Land granted by a lord to a vassal |
| Vassal | Person who received a fief and promised to be loyal to the person who gave him the fief |
| Knight | Mounted warriors who defended their lord's land for fiefs |
| Tournaments | Mock battles |
| Chivalry | Set of ideas/ rules that knights had to follow |
| Serfs | The working class, not slaves, but bound to the land thaey were born on |
| Manor/ Manor system obligations | Lor give protection, shelter. Serfs give some grain & taxes, and tithe 1/100 of income |
| Guilds | "union" controlled prices, and the # of people in the profession |
| Apprentice/ journeyman | The first tow of 3 stages. They learned from a master, and eventuallyh becoma masters |
| Towns | Centers of trade, offered social and economic opportunities |
| Burghers/ middle class | Town dwellers, wanted freedoms |
| Norman Conquest/ Hastings | The Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066) was the decisive Norman victory in the Norman Conquest of England. It was fought between the Norman army (France, Europe) and the English army. It took place 6 miles from Hastings, and after this William controlled England. |
| Willam the Conquerer | Norman who conquered england and paved the way for a centralized government |
| Henry II/ Eleanor of Aquitaine | Held lands in England and France |
| Richard I "Lionheart" | English King, Went to Crusades, got rights for Christians to go to Jerusalem |
| John I | Forced by nobles to design magna carta, lost all of English lands in France to French |
| Magna Carta | Granted certain rights to all English citizens |
| Edward I | Called for meeting / formation of Parliament |
| Phillip II Augustus | Fought against Richard, Henry and John for control of Normandy. Beat John. |
| Louis IX "St. Louis" | Created estates general to win support against Pope |
| Holy Roman Empire | Union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period under a Holy Roman Emperor. The first Holy Roman Emperor was Otto the Great in 962. |
| Investiture | General term for the formal installation of an incumbent (heir, elect of nominee) in public office, especially by taking possession of its insignia. The term is normally reserved for formal offices of state, aristocracy and church. E.g. In the feudal system, investiture was the ceremonial transfer of a fief by an overlord to a vassal. |
| Lay investiture | King and nobles appointed church officials |
| Concordat of Worms | Compromise nobles propose official, and the church can veto |
| Pope Gregory VII & Henry IV | Henry insults Gregory, and Gregory excommunicates Henry. |
| Pope Innocent III | Ordered the last crusade, which sacked Byzantium instead. |
| Crusades | The Crusades were a series of religion-driven military campaigns waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents, mainly Muslims. |
| Crusade causes | Crusades continued the tradition of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, as a penance, but they were both as pilgrims and warriors, which was to recapture the places sacred to Christians. |
| Crusade results | 1st success, all others failed |
| Reconquista | efforts by Christians to recapture Spain from the Muslims |
| Universities | Originally made up of people not buildings |
| Scholastics | Schoolmen, who meet at universities |
| Vernacular | Language of a person's homeland |
| Romanesque architecture | Romanesque cathedral thick walls, shorter in height, small windows |
| Gothic arthitecture | Large temples. Gothic cathedral - very big, tall schulptures, lots oflarge windows, shaped likeness 60-100 years to build, money made by donations, pledges, sending relics on tour. |
| Cathedral | Christian church that contains the seat of a bishop. It is a religious building for worship |
| Black Plague | deadly disease, 1 of 3 people died from it, unknown disease |
| Hundred Years War | War between England and France, France won eventually |
| Joan of Arc | French maid who led the French to almost victory. She was captured and burned as a heretic. |
| Great Schism | The splitting of the Church & having 2 popes (1 in Avignon, France - Clement VII) & 1 in Rome (Pope Urban VI) - from 1378 to 1414. |
| John Wycliff | Person who preached thqat Christ was the true leader of the Church |
| John Huss | taught that the Bible had the final say in life, not the Pope |
| Importance of Church during Middle Ages | Almost everyone in Europe was a Christian during the Middle Ages, and they all served the Church. They lived by the Church's laws and to pay heavy taxes to support the Church. The Church also accepted gifts (land, flocks, crops, serfs) from individuals who wanted special favors or wanted to be certain of a place in heaven. |
| Improvements in Agriculture | During the middle ages, they used a three or four crop rotation in their fields. Land was communal and split into strips given out each year to different serfs, who had to pay to use the land during growing season. After that it reverted to common land for grazing. This discouraged soil conservation. |
| Changes in Europe at start of Middle Ages | In the early Middle Ages, Europe was a jigsaw puzzle of ethnic groups, that did not occupy any fixed territory or constitute individual nations of any kind. They were in constant contact with one another and in fairly constant motion, displacing other ethnic groups and, in their turn, being displaced by other ethnic groups—including cultural groups from Asia. During early Middle Ages, they introduced a shared cultural practice: Christianity. |
| End of Middle Ages/ Events or Causes | Intense religious devition and code of chivalry both died at about the end of the Hundred Years' War in 1453. The Church was discredited since prayers did not stop the bubonic plague. |
