| A | B |
|---|
| Sahara | a great desert |
| savannah | regions of scrub forest and kind of rolling grassland |
| Islam | religion originating in Arabia |
| Muslims | followers of Islam |
| gold | West Africa prospered because of this |
| Ghana | the earliest empire to emerge in AD 400's |
| matrilineal | African societies traced their lineage through their mothers |
| sugarcane | Europeans learned about cultivation and processing of this from Muslims during the 1100s |
| crusades | armed struggle by Pope Urban II the regain the Holy Land |
| Middle Ages | the period from 500 to 1400 |
| feudalism | king gives estates to nobles in exchange for loyaly and military support |
| manorialism | economic ties between nobles and peasants-nobles gave protection and peasants provided goods and services |
| Renaissance | AD 1350-1600 rebirth of interest in the culture of ancient Greece and Rome |
| astrolabe | invented by ancient Greeks using the position of the sun to determine direction |
| Bartolomeu Dias | 1488-reached the southern tip of Africa(Cape of Good Hope) |
| Vasco da Gama | found water route to eastern Asia |
| Vikings | Scandinavian people who were the first Europeans to settle in America |
| longboats | Viking ships |
| Leif Ericsson | AD 1000 stayed the winter in Newfoundland |
| Claudius Ptolemy | Greek educated Egyptian geographer and astronomer drew maps of a round world |
| Amerigo Vespucci | repeated the sailing of Columbus |
| Juan Ponce de Leon | searching for a wondrous fountain to restore youth discovering Florida |
| Vasco de Balboa | 1513-first European to reach the Pacific coast of America |
| Ferdinand Magellan | discovered strait at southernmost tip of South America-named Pacific Ocean |
| Brought back to Europe from America | corn, squash, pumpkins, beans, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, chili peppers, peanuts, chocolate, and potatoes, tobacco, and chewing gum |
| Brought to America from Europe | wheat, oats, barley, rye, rice, coffee, dandelions, onions, bananas, oranges, ohter citrus fruits, chickens, cattle, pigs, sheep, horses |
| radiocarbon dating | measure readioactivity left in carbon 14 |
| ice ages | earth cooling & entering a period of glaciation |
| glaciers | earth's water frozen into huge ice sheets |
| Beringia | exposed area of land that connected Asia with North America |
| nomads | people who continually moved from place to place |
| agricultural revolution | occured between 9000 and 10000 years ago in Mesoamerica |
| maize | large-seeded grass corn |
| civilization | highly organized society marked by trade, government, the arts, science, and often written language |
| obsidian | volcanic glass |
| Cahokia | Mississippian built these mounds of earth in AD 1050-1250 near St. Louis |
| slash-and-burn agriculture | cutting down forests and burning cleared land |
| longhouses | rectangular with barrel-shaped roofs covered in bark |
| wigwams | dwellings that are conical or dome-shaped using bent poles covered with hides or bark |
| kinship groups | extended families headed by elder women |
| Iroquois League | in late 1500's formed by Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk |
| Dakanawidah & Hiawatha | formed Iroquois League |
| Aztec | group of Mexica that took this name and established city of Tenochtitlan(now Mexico City) |
| Chaco Canyon | Anasazi lived here-now in northwest New Mexico-built buildings of adobe and cut stone |
| kivas | circular ceremonial rooms |
| pueblos | Spanish word for villages |
| Mississippian | early people that settled in the Mississippi River valley |
| Algonquian | people spoke this language and lived in present-day New England |
| Iroquoian | people that spoke this language and lived in present-day New York |
