| A | B |
|---|
| Opened the Great Lakes states to rapid economic growth and spurred the development of major cities | The completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 |
| Enabled businesspeople to create more powerful and effective joint-stock capital ventures | The passage of general incorporation and limited-liability laws |
| Made Americans strongly individualistic and self-reliant | The open, rough-and-tumble society of the American West |
| Aroused nativist hostility and occasional riots | The poverty and Roman Catholic faith of most Irish immigrants |
| Bound the two northern sections together across the mountains and tended to isolate the South | The development of a strong east-west rail network |
| Encouraged western farmers to specialize in cash-crop agricultural production for eastern and European markets | Improved western transportation and the new McCormick reaper |
| Aroused fierce opposition from businesspeople and guardians of law | The early efforts of labor unions to organize and strike |
| Made the fast-growing United States the fourth most populous nation in the Western world | Natural population growth and increasing immigration from Ireland and Germany |
| Transformed southern agriculture and gave new life to slavery | Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin |
| Weakened many women's economic status and pushed them into a separate "sphere" of home and family | The replacement of household production by factory-made, store-bought goods |
