| A | B |
|---|
| Calvin, John | (1509-1564) Theologian and church reformer who developed a form of Protestantism during the Reformation. His church is known for the idea of predestination, which states certain people are predestined for heaven. |
| capital | Money that is used for investment |
| capitalism | An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods. Also promotes a free market regulated by supply and demand. |
| Catherine the Great | An enlightened despot who ruled over Russia. She is responsible for many positive changes in Russia, as well as securing the country a warm water port. |
| Cavour, Camillo | (1810-61) Prime Minister of Sardinia, a large Italian State. He formed alliances with other foreign powers to help end Austria's and Spain's control. Instrumental in the unification of Italy. |
| chancellor | Prime Minister, or chief executive of a country or nation state. |
| Chinese Communist Revolution | A political revolution in China led by Mao Zedong. After several years of fighting the Kuomintang, the communists won control of the country in 1949. |
| city-state | An independent state consisting of a city and its surrounding lands. |
| civilization | A society that has a high level of culture and social organization including organized government, job specialization, and a organized belief system. |
| Cold War | Non shooting conflict between the Soviet Union and their allies and the United States and their allies. Numerous secondary conflicts arise due to the Cold War. |
| colonialism | The policy of maintaining colonies as a source of raw materials and new markets. Practiced during old and new imperialism. |
| colonization | A group of people moving from their homeland to a new area in large numbers. |
| Columbian Exchange | The exchange of goods and other things, such as disease from the Old World (Europe) to the new World (North and South America) and back. |
| Command Economy | An economic system controlled by strong, centralized government, which usually focuses on industrial goods. With little attention paid to agriculture and consumer goods. |
| Commercial Revolution | A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price. |
| communism | A system of government in which a single, totalitarian, party holds power. It is characterized by state control of the economy, and restriction on personal freedoms. It was first proposed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto. |
| Communist Manifesto, The | A book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that describes the new political system of scientific socialism, which becomes the basis for communism. The book states that all of human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (working class), and predicted that the proletariat would rise up in a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a society with an equal distribution of goods and services. |
| Communist Revolution | A political revolution in Russia beginning in 1917. The Bolsheviks, now known as Communists, overthrew Czar Nicholas II and created a socialist government based upon the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Also know as the Bolshevik Revolution. |
| constitution | A document detailing the fundamental laws of a country or organization. |
| constitutional monarchy | A political system in which a country is ruled by a monarch who has limited power due to a constitution |
