| A | B |
|---|
| guild | An association of merchants or craftspeople in medieval Europe, formed to make regulations and set standards for a particular trade or craft. |
| heliocentric model | Theory of the universe that states the sun is the center, and that the earth revolves around it. |
| Herzl, Theodor | (1860-1904) Leader of Zionist movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. |
| hijacking | The taking control of a public transport vehicle, such as an airliner or train to use the people aboard as hostages. |
| Hitler, Adolf | (1889-1945) Austrian-born leader of Germany. He co-founded the Nazi Party in Germany, and gained control of the country as chancellor in 1933. Hitler started World War II with the invasion of Poland. He was responsible for the Holocaust. |
| Hobbes, Thomas | (1588-1679) English philosopher and political theorist. Wrote Leviathan, where he favored an absolute government as the only means of balancing human interests and desires with their rights of life and property. |
| human rights | The rights that are considered by most societies to belong automatically to all people, including the rights to justice, freedom, and equality. |
| hunting and gathering | System of food production for prehistoric peoples. Involves hunting animals and gathering foods grown in the wild. |
| Imperialism | The complete control of a weaker nation’s social, economic, and political life by a stronger nation. |
| Inca | A Mesoamerican civilization of South America, centered in Peru. The Inca ruled a large empire and had many cultural and scientific achievements including an elaborate road system, architecture, and terrace farming. The arrival of the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire in the 15th century. |
| Indian National Congress | Nationalistic organization in India with the purpose of ending British control. Prominent members include Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. |
| Indian Nationalist Movement | Nationalist movement to end British control of India. |
| individualism | A social philosophy which stresses the importance of the individual above society. |
| indulgence | Letters of forgiveness for one's sins provided by the medieval Church, and one of the causes of the Reformation. |
| Industrial Revolution | In the second half of the 19th century, it was the fundamental change in the way goods were produced through the use of machines, capital, and the centralization of work forces in factories. It completely altered the social, economic, and political structure of most of Europe, Japan, and the United States. |
| industrialization | The change to industrial methods of production such as the use of factories. |
| interdependence | Mutual assistance or reliance between two or more parties. |
| invasion | The entry of forces into a territory through hostile means. |
| irrigation | A system to bring water to support crops. |
| Islamic fundamentalists | Muslims who believe the Quran to be a literal guide to political, social, and religious life. |
