| A | B |
|---|
| tradition | A long-established custom or belief. |
| Treaty of Versailles | Treaty ending World War I. It was extremely unfair to Germany, forcing them to accept all of the blame for the war. It is a major cause of World War II. |
| tribalism | Feelings of loyalty to individual tribes, and the cause of much war and strife in modern Africa. |
| United Nations | An international body composed of many countries that seeks to promote peace, prosperity, and cooperation around the world. It was formed in 1945 at the end of World War II. |
| United States Constitution | Document creating the United States government. Based on Enlightenment ideas. Ratified in 1788. |
| urbanization | The movement of people to urban areas in search of work. |
| Victor Emmanuel | (1820-78) He was king of Sardinia from 1849 to 1861, when he became king of a united Italy until his death in 1878. His support of the unification movement was vital to its success. |
| volence | The use of force to injure someone or to damage something. |
| von Bismarck, Otto | (1815-1898) Appointed Prussian chancellor in 1862. he began a program of war to unify all the German states under the control of Prussia. His policy was known as Blüt und Eisen or Blood and Iron. He was the most powerful statesman in Europe as chancellor of the new German Empire from 1871 to 1890. He was known as the Iron Chancellor. |
| Walpole, Robert | (1676-1745) British statesman, and first Prime Minister from 1721 to 1742. |
| Warsaw Pact | An international defense alliance between the Soviet Union and many of its Eastern European satellite states as a response to NATO. Formed in 1955. |
| Wealth of Nations | British philosopher and writer Adam Smith‘s 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics. |
| westernization | To adopt western ideas and culture. |
| working class | Lowest class in most social class systems, including factory workers, miners, and others. |
| World War I | (1914 – 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria. |
| World War II | (1939 – 1945) A war fought in Europe, Africa and Asia between the Allied Powers of Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States against the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan. |
| Young Italy | Nationalistic movement that wanted to end foreign control of Italy. Started in 1831 by Guiseppe Mazzini. |
| Zionism | Jewish nationalist movement to establish a homeland in Palestine. This movement began in the late 1800s, as anti-Semitic feelings intensified in Europe. The main leader of this movement was a journalist by the name of Theodor Herzl. Herzl's dream of a homeland for Jewish peoples was realized in 1948 with the creation of Israel. |
| Zollverein | A trade union among other German states formed by Prussia in the 1930s. |
