| A | B |
|---|
| factory | A central location where goods are manufactured on a large scale. |
| famine | Widespread hunger caused by the near complete lack of food. |
| genocide | The killing of all the people from a ethnic group, religious group, or people from a specific nation. |
| gentry | Members of the upper class in some social class systems. |
| ghetto | Term given to poor areas of town where Jews were sent during World War II. |
| government | a person or body of people who have the power to make and enforce laws for a country or area. |
| Hinduism | A polytheistic religion that was formed from a variety of different religious practices. In Hinduism, salvation is achieved through a spiritual oneness of the soul, atman, with the ultimate reality of the universe, Brahma. To achieve this goal, the soul must obtain moksha, or liberation from the samsara, the endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. As a result of these basic teachings, Hindus believe in reincarnation, which is influenced by karma (material actions resulting from the consequences of previous actions), and dharma (fulfilling one's duty in life). Because all forms of animal life possess souls, Hindus believe in ahimsa, or that all life is sacred. and should not be harmed. In fact, one animal which Hindus consider to be extremely sacred is the cow. The peaceful and contented existence of cows is considered virtuous by Hindus and would represent a rewarding reincarnation for a soul. For this reason, most Hindus are vegetarians so that they do not harm other living beings. The belief in reincarnation, karma, and dharma also provides the religious justification for the existence of the rigid social structure known as the Caste System. |
| Hitler, Adolf | (1889-1945) Austrian-born leader of Germany. He co-founded the Nazi Party in Germany, and gained control of the country as chancellor in 1933. Hitler started World War II with the invasion of Poland. He was responsible for the Holocaust. |
| Holocaust | The attempted genocide of European Jews, Gypsies, mentally retarded, homosexuals, and others by Nazi Germany during the Second World War |
| human rights | The rights that are considered by most societies to belong automatically to all people, including the rights to justice, freedom, and equality. |
| Imperialism | The complete control of a weaker nation’s social, economic, and political life by a stronger nation. |
| Indian National Congress | Nationalistic organization in India with the purpose of ending British control. Prominent members include Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. |
| Industrial Revolution | In the second half of the 19th century, it was the fundamental change in the way goods were produced through the use of machines, capital, and the centralization of work forces in factories. It completely altered the social, economic, and political structure of most of Europe, Japan, and the United States. |
| inherit | To gain something when someone dies, such as property or money. |
| interracial marriage | The marriage of two people from different ethnic backgrounds. |
| Irish Potato Famine | A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them to export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States. |
| Irish Republican Army (IRA) | A terrorist organization based in Ireland which seeks to remove the British government from the Six Northern Counties which they control. |
| Khmer Rouge | A group of communist guerillas in Cambodia during the late 20th century, led by Pol Pot, that gained control of Cambodia after the withdrawal of American troops from the Vietnam War. The initiated a reign of terror, killing over a million people to remove all western influence from the country. This gross violation of human rights ended when Vietnam invaded and occupied the country in 1979. In the 1990s, the United Nations negotiated a peace settlement, and began the democratic process in Cambodia. |
| Latin America | The Geopolitical designation for Central and South America and the Caribbean Islands which were settled by the Spanish. |
| Mandela, Nelson | (1918 - )A black South African leader who protested the policy of Apartheid and spent over thirty years in prison before becoming the first black president of South Africa. |
