| A | B |
|---|
| Pre-B cell | cytoplasmic mu heavy chain and pre-B receptor |
| Immature B cell | Membrane IgM |
| Mature B cell | Membrane IgM, IgD |
| Activated B cell | Low rate Ig sec.; heavy chain isotype switching; affinity maturation |
| Antibody secreting cell | High rate Ig secretion; reduced membrane Ig |
| IgA | Mucosal Immunity |
| IgD | Naive B cell antigen receptor |
| IgE | Defense against helminthic parasites |
| IgG | Opponization of complement activation, |
| IgM | Naive B cell antigen receptor |
| Binds macromolecules and small chemicals | Immunoglobulin (Ig) |
| Made up of three CDRs in V-alpha and three CDRs in V-beta | T cell receptor (TCR) |
| Binds peptide-MHC complexes | T cell receptor (TCR) |
| Peptide-binding cleft made of alpha-1 and alpha-2 (class I) or alpha-1 and beta-1 (class II) | MHC molecules |
| Binds peptides | MHC molecules |
| two layers of beta-pleated sheet, held together with disulfide bonds | Ig domain |
| constant regions of the heavy chain that mediate effector functions | carboxy-terminal constant (C) regions of antibody heavy and light chains |
| variable regions that participate in antigen recognition | amino-terminal variable (V) regions of antibody heavy and light chains |
| allotope | Polymorphisms within conserved Ig amino acid sequences |
| allotype | Protein product of a distinct allelic form of an Ig gene. |
| DETERMINANT | epitope |
| HLAs | human leukocyte antigens; MHCs on human cells |
| epitope | specific portion of an antigen to which antibody binds |
| specific portion of an antigen to which antibody binds | determinant |
| F(ab')2 | retains bivalent;used in research |
| Fab | retains monovalent; used in research |
| Fc | proteolytic fragment of Ig containing only the s-s c-terminal regions of the two heavy chains |
| Fc receptor | rcptr for c-terminal region of Ig |
| ADCC | NK targets Ig coated cells for lysis; Fc(gamma)RIII |
| antiserum | serum w/antibody to antigen |
| affinity maturation | somatic mutation of Ig genes |
| hinge region | flexible regions between Ch1 and 2 in some Ig molecules; |
| CDRs | antigen-binding; 3 hypervariable regions |
| hypervariable segments | 3 loops connect adjacent B-sheets |
| Kabat-Wu plot | histogram depitcting # of different aa res/Ig light chains |
| BiP, calnexin | nacent Ig chaperones |
| antibody specific for one antigen, produced by a hybridoma; used in research and diagnosis | monoclonal antibody |
| M-cells | specialized epithelial cells; Peyer's; Ig transport |
| polyvalence | multiple identical copies of epitope/ one antigen; |
| Poly-Ig recpetor | Fc receptor expressed by mucosal epithelia; |
| Polyclonal activators | agents capable of activating many clones of lymphocytes, regardless of their specificity |
| Poly-Ig recpetor | transpt of IgA and IgM through epithelium into intestinal lumen |
| IgE | immediate hypersensitivity |
| IgG | anti-body dep. cell mediated cytotoxicity |
| IgG | feedbk inhib. of B cells |
| IgG | neonatal immunity |
| Polyclonal activators | anti-IgM antibodies for B cells, anti-CD3 abs, bacterial superantigens, PHA for T-cells |
| CDRs | complementarity determining region) |
| affinity maturation | leads to increased affinity of antibody for an antigen |
| affinity maturation | concurrent w/humoral response |
| affinity maturation | germinal centers of lymph nodes |
| IL-1 | source: macs, endothelial; tlr pathway to NF-kB/AP-1 synthesis of acute phase proteins |
| IL-2 | CD4+ activates transcription; uses Jak3-STAT5 path; Bcell growth factorand stimulus for antibody generation |
| IL-3 | CD4+ T cells Hematopoietic TH2 cytokine |
| IL-4 | Adaptive / Pathway Involving IRS-2/ Jak3/Jak4- STAT6 |
| IL-5 | Adaptive/ Jak2-Stat 3 / helminth defense |
| IL-6 | source: macs, endo. & T cells; JAK1-STAT3 TO B cell prolif. ; acute phase protein synthesis |
| IL-7 | stromal cells of thymus, bone marrow promotes naive T and B cell survival |
| IL-8 | chemoattractant for PMNs; kry in margination |
| IL-9 | increases IL-6 from eosinophils; influences mast cells and lymphoid cells |
| IL-10 | source; regulatory T-cells; control of inflammation |
| IL-11 | stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis; increases IL-4; inhibits IFN-gamma; Jak-STAT; BM STROMA |
| IL-12 | IFN-y production by NK cells and T-cells |
| IL-13 | promotes fibrosis as part of tissue repair in chronic inflammation, stimulates mucus production in lung epithelia; induces IgE class switching |
| IL-14 | proliferative of active B cells; Th2 cytokine |
| IL-15 | source: macs & others in response to viral infect.; TYPE I CYTOKINE R JAK3/STAT5; Akt. dep. signaling path promotes cell survival/proliferation |
| IL-16 | chemoattractant of eophils & CD4+Tcells |
| IL-17 | Promotes tissue dmg. in hypersensitivity diseases; induces cells to produce hematopoietic cytokines; thought to be responsible for the destructive inflammation in many auto immune diseases |
| IL-18 | Enhances IFN-gamma production by T and NK cells |
| IL-19 | Innate; bind type II cytokine receptor; Regulate inflammatory reactions in tissues |
| IL-20 | Innate; bind type II cytokine receptor; Regulate inflammatory reactions in tissues |
| IL-21 | adaptive; secreted by activated CD4+ T-cells; JAK1/JAK2- STAT1/STAT3- synergistic cytokine; stim. CTLs, NKs |
| IL-22 | Innate; type II cytokine receptor; regulation of inflammatory reactions in tissues |
| IL-23 | unique subunits:19kD and 40kD-IL-12; inmmatory pathology of autoimmunue do; promotes diferentiation/maintenance of IL-17 T-cells |
| IL-25 | adaptive; secreted by Th2 cells; stimulates production of other Th2 cytokines ( IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) |
| IL-27 | SECRETED BY MACS, DCS IN RESPONSE TO MICROBE;inhibits Th1 cells; possible role in Th1 differentiation(?) |
| TNF | source: MACS, T-CELLS; receptors on most cells, signals: cytokine to TRAF RECRUIT TO NF-kB TO AP-1; 1' mediator of acute inflam.; [high] leads to systemic effects |
| Type 1 IFNs | Early responses to viral infections; inhibit viral replication( dsRNA activated serine/threonine PK), transcrip/late; paracrine action; increases expression of MHC class I; NK cell activation |
| TGF-beta | ANTIGEN STIM. T-CELLS LPS ACTIVATED MACS, MONOS, OTHERS inhibits proliferation/effector functions of T-cells; mac activation; regulates differentiaion of T cells; stim. IgA prod.f IgA; tissue repair; SMADS, SER/THR KINASE DOMAIN |
| Chemokines | produced by macs, endothelial, T cells, fibroblasts & platelets; promote leukocyte chemotaxis/activation/migration; GPCRs |
| MIF | Adaptive; secreted by t-cells; immobilize mononuclear phagocytes; may cause cell retention at sites of inflammation; migration inhibition factor |
| APRIL | MONOCYTES, MACS;ACTIVATED T-CELLS;CYTOKINES TO TRAFF TO NF-kB & AP-1; TNFRI, II, TACI, BCMA |
| BAFF | pmns, MONOCTS, MACS, DC, FDC, Ac'td T CELLS; CYTOKINE BINDING LEADS TO TRAF RECRUITMENT; TRAFS ACTIVATE NF-kB AND AP-1; B CELL SURVIVAL, TACI REQUIRED FOR CLASS SWITCHING |
| p-selectin | leu receptor: sialyl-Lewis X PSGL-1; fnx rolling, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes) |
| e-selectin | leu receptor: sialyl-Lewis X fnx: rolling, adhesion to activated endothelium, ( neu, mono., Tcells) |
| ICAM-1 | CD11/CD18 (ntegrins) LFA-1, Mac-1; fnx adhesion, arrest, transmigration ( all leukocytes) |
| VCAM-1 | alpha-4beta1 (VLA4); (LPAM-1); adhesion (eophils, monocts, lymphcts) |
| GlyCam-1 | lymphocyte homing to high endothelial venules; L-selectin |
| CD31 PECAM | leureceptor: CD31; fnx; leukocyte migration through endothelium |
| PAF | redistributes p-selectin from normal intracellular stores in Weibel-Palade Bodies to the cell surface |
| LT | T CELLS; TNFRI,II; CYTOKINE BINDING TO TRAF RECRUITMENT TO NF-kB AND AP-1; LINK BETWEEN T CELL ACTIVATION AND INFLAMMATION; REQUIRED FOR NORMAL DEV. OF LYMPHOID ORGANS (AKA TNF-beta) |
| IFN-y | Mac activation |
| IFN-gamma | TYPE II CYTOKINE RCPT.JAK1/JAK2-STAT1; ACTIVATES MACS |
| TNF | primary response to gram-neg.; endothelial cell activation; stimulates chemokine secretion, microbicidal activity of macs/neutrophils |
| IFN-ALPHA | MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES; DCs; Tyk2/JAK1 & STAT1/STAT2; AND MAP KINASE AND PI3 KINASE PATHWAYS |
| IFN-BETA | FIBROBLASTS; Tyk2/JAK1 & STAT1/STAT2; AND MAP KINASE AND PI3 KINASE PATHWAYS |
| IL-23 | STRUC. LIKE IL-6/IL-12; INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGY OF AUTOIMMUNE DO |
| IL-27 | STRUC. LIKE IL-6/IL-12; stimulates NK cells: IFN-gamma synthesis |
| IL-13 | Th2 CD4+, CD8+, NK-T secrete in allergic resp.; has recpt. on B cells , macs, dc, eo/basophils; JAK1/TKY2-STAT6 IRS2 PHOSPHORYLATION |
| IL-15 | stimulates CD8+ T-cell PROLIF.; req. for NK differentiation and activation; |
| IL-12 | secreted by Dendritic cells, macs; Jak1/Tyk2-STAT4; key role in response to intracellular pathogens |
| IL-10 | PRODUCED BY MACS, regT's and nonlymphoid cells; shares a homologous gene w/ EBV |
| IL-1 | at [low] mediates local inflam.- 2 [high] stimulates systemic "calor" |
| CD11b/CD18; MAC 1 | mac integrin; can bind microbes for phagocytosis |
| ACTING REGULATING PROTEINS | filamin, gesolin, calmodulin, profilin |
| increased[Ca+2]; activated phosplA | arachidonic acid metabolism |
| secreted by NK cells during innate and adaptive immune responses | the major macrophage activating enzyme, IFN-y |
| FcyRI receptor on phagocytes | IgG opsonized cells |
| Clq mac cell surface receptor | opsonin mannose binding lectin |
| plasma protein opsonins | MBL, C-RP, fibrinigen, fibronectin |
| terminal sialic acid or N-acetylgalactosamine | mammaliam glycoproteins and glycolipids |
| terminal mannose or fucose | microbial cell wall glycoproteins/glycolipids |
| C-C; attract mono/lymphoctyes, baso/eoisinophils | MCP-1 EOTAXIN;MIP-1alpha;RANTES |
| PENTRAXIN | c-reactive protein; opsonination, complement activation |
| MBL | mannose binding lectin (complement) |
| IFN-y | NK, CD8+, Th1 CD4+ ; STIM. DIFF. CD4+ TO Th1; INIB. Th2; STIM MCH I & II AND COSTIMULATORS |
| copper containing serum protein | ceruloplasmin |
| iron free fraction of serum | transferrin |
| catalase | detoxifies H2O2 |
| glutathione peroxidase | H2O2 detoxifier |
| serotonin | preformed vasoactive mediator released from platelets at aggregation; present in chromaffiin cells |
| lymphotoxiin | cytokine req. for HEV development |
| CLA-1 cutaneous lymphocyte antigen-1 | E-selectin ligand; xp'sd by skin homing effector T cells |
| IL-1 | pyrogen - mediator of acute phase response;activates IL-6 IL-2R IL-8 adhesion molecules |
| IL-2 | T cell proliferation (mainly CD4 in autocrine manner) activates IFN-gamma IL-6 NK cell growth |
| IL-3 | expansion of bone marrow progenitor cells |
| IL-4 | inhibits other inflammatory cytokines IgE isotype switching MHC II in B cells TH0-->TH2 |
| IL-5 | increases eosinophils B cell growth and differentiation IgE production (with IL-4) |
| IL-6 | mediatory of acute phase response activates B cell growth and differentiation increased by TNF & IL-1 |
| IL-7 | increases IL-2 IL-2R |
| IL-8 | chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils |
| IL-9 | increases IL-6 from eosinophils |
| IL-10 | inhibits other inflammatory cytokines suppresses TH1 response inhibits IL-17 actions |
| IL-11 | increases IL-4 inhibits IFN-γ |
| IL-12 | increases IFN-γ major initator of TH1 response decreases TNF increases B cells and MHC II expression |
| IL-13 | inhibits inflammatory cytokines increases B cell growth |
| IL-14 | proliferation of ACTIVE B cells |
| IL-15 | T cell proliferation activation of NKs B cells and essential for prolonged inflammation; maintains MEMORY cells |
| IL-16 | chemotaxis of CD4+ T cells and eosinophils |
| IL-17 | maintains inflammation increases IL-6 |
| IL-18 | increases IFN-gamma T cell proliferation activates NK cells |
| IL-23 | similar to IL-12 but has actions on memory T cells and IL-12 |
| TNF-α | pyrogen;leading to inflammation causes release of IL-1 IL-6 and IL-8 from MΦ |
| TNF-β | not inflammatory;maintains architecture of secondary lymphoid organs |
| IFN-γ | activates mononuclear phag. increases MHC I II increased CAMs activates NK cells and neutrophils increases IL-12R on TH1s |
| IFN-α | all cells: initiates antiviral state increases MHC I expression |
| IFN-β | NK cells: activation |
| GM-CSF | increases production of granulocytes and monocytes in marrow |
| G-CSF | increases production of granulocytes especially neutrophils |
| M-CSF | acts locally to turn precursor cells into monocytes |
| TGF-α | activates epithelial and mesenchymal growth |
| TGF-β | has both activation and inhibitory effects --> inhibits T cell growth CTL activation and macrophage activation |
| TH1 cells | (IL-2 TNF IFN-γ) -activated by DC --> (DTH & CMI)activates mΦ increases Ag presentation and Fc receptor expression |
| TH2 cells | (IL-3 IL-4 IL-5 IL-10 IL13) - activated by DC --> mediates humoral responses and allergies via IgE |
| plasmin | proteolytic enzyme present in inflammatory exudate |
| kinninogens | vasoactive peptides generated from plasma proteins by kallikreins |
| bradykinin | vasoactive nonpeptide |
| effects of bradykinin | increased vascular permeability |
| Hageman's Factor | FACTOR XII of intrinsic clotting pathways |
| cleaves glycoprotein precursor,"high molecular weight kinniogen," to produce bradykinin | kallikrein |
| alternative pathway | cleavage of C3 in response to endotoxin, microbial LPS...cobra venom,etc... |
| C3 convertase | splits C3 to C3a and C3b |
| C3b | functional fragment of C3; covalently attaches to complement target; then to other c-fragments to form C5-convertase |
| C5-convertase | cleaves C5 to C5b and C5a; binds late components C6-9 together to form MAC |
| C5a activates | lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid met. in PMNs and Monocytes |
| C5a | powerful chemotactant for neutrophils, monocytes, eoisinophils, basophils |
| C3b, iC3b | opsonins, fix to bacterial cell wall, enhance affinity for phagocytosis |
| PARs (protease activated receptors) | GPCRs on platelets, endothelialsm. muscle; bind various trypsin like serine proteases |
| engagement of PAR-1 by factor IIa triggers... | mobilization of P-selectin; prod. chemokines, PAF, NO, prostaglandins; |
| major coagulation protease, cleaves circulating soluble fibrinogen to... | thrombin; ...form insoluble fibrin clot |
| thrombin (factor IIa) | protease; main link between coagulation and inflammation |
| kallikrein | potent activator of Hageman Factor; autocatalytic amplification of initial stimulus |
| kallikrein | directly converts C5 to chemotractant C5a |
| effects of complement activation | increase opsonation, chemotaxis, vascular permeability, proteolytic enzymes |
| lectin pathway | plasma mannose bindinig lectin binds carbs on microbes--> C1 |
| VASOCONSTRICTION | thromboxane A2; leukotriense C4, D4, E4 |
| VASODILATION | PGI2, PGE1, PGE2, PGD2 |
| CHEMOTAXIS; LEUKOCYTE ADHESION | Leukotriene B4; HETE, lipotoxins |
| Prostaglandins, NO, Histamine | VASODILATION |
| Increased Vascular Permeability | Vasoactive Amines, Bradykinin; C3a, C5a; PAF, leukotrienes C4,D4,E4 |
| chemotaxis, leukocyte recruitment/activation | C5a; leukotrienes B4; chemokines; IL-1; TNF;prostaglandins |
| Pain | prostaglandinis; bradykinin |
| tissue damage | lysosomal enzymes from MACS & PMNs; ROS, NO |
| chemokines | increased avidity of integrins |
| leukocyte diapedesis; vascular permeabilty | predominantly in venules; capillaries of lungs |
| 1st 6-24 hours of inflammatory infiltrate | neutrophils predominate |
| hours 24-48 of inflammatory infiltrate | monocytes predominate |
| pre-formed, chemical mediators of inflammation in secretory granules | HISTAMINE; SEROTONIN; LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES |
| sources of pre-formed mediators in secretory granules | MCs; basophils; platelets; PMNs, Macs |
| cellular; newly synthesized chemical mediators of inflamm. | prostaglandins; leukotrienes; PAF; ROS; NO; Cytokines |
| source of synthesized cellular | allleukocytes, platelets, EC, Macs, No, Cytokines, Macs, lymphocyres |
| chemical mediators of inflam. from liver/plasma; Factor XII activation | Kinin System (bradykinin) |
| chemical mediators of inflam. from liver/plasma/complement activation; anaphalotoxin | C3a; C5a |
| chemical mediators of inflam. from liver/plasma/complement activation; membrane attack complex | C3b; C5b-C9 |
| IL-1 | pyrogen - mediator of acute phase response;activates IL-6 IL-2R IL-8 adhesion molecules |
| IL-2 | T cell proliferation (mainly CD4 in autocrine manner) activates IFN-gamma IL-6 NK cell growth |
| IL-3 | expansion of bone marrow progenitor cells |
| IL-4 | inhibits other inflammatory cytokines IgE isotype switching MHC II in B cells TH0-->TH2 |
| IL-5 | increases eosinophils B cell growth and differentiation IgE production (with IL-4) |
| IL-6 | mediatory of acute phase response activates B cell growth and differentiation increased by TNF & IL-1 |
| IL-7 | increases IL-2 IL-2R |
| IL-8 | chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils |
| IL-9 | increases IL-6 from eosinophils |
| IL-10 | inhibits other inflammatory cytokines suppresses TH1 response inhibits IL-17 actions |
| IL-11 | increases IL-4 inhibits IFN-γ |
| IL-12 | increases IFN-γ major initator of TH1 response decreases TNF increases B cells and MHC II expression |
| IL-13 | inhibits inflammatory cytokines increases B cell growth |
| IL-14 | proliferation of ACTIVE B cells |
| IL-15 | T cell proliferation activation of NKs B cells and essential for prolonged inflammation; maintains MEMORY cells |
| IL-16 | chemotaxis of CD4+ T cells and eosinophils |
| IL-17 | maintains inflammation increases IL-6 |
| IL-18 | increases IFN-gamma T cell proliferation activates NK cells |
| IL-23 | similar to IL-12 but has actions on memory T cells and IL-12 |
| TNF-α | pyrogen;leading to inflammation causes release of IL-1 IL-6 and IL-8 from MΦ |
| TNF-β | not inflammatory;maintains architecture of secondary lymphoid organs |
| IFN-γ | activates mononuclear phag. increases MHC I II increased CAMs activates NK cells and neutrophils increases IL-12R on TH1s |
| IFN-α | all cells: initiates antiviral state increases MHC I expression |
| IFN-β | NK cells: activation |
| GM-CSF | increases production of granulocytes and monocytes in marrow |
| G-CSF | increases production of granulocytes especially neutrophils |
| M-CSF | acts locally to turn precursor cells into monocytes |
| TGF-α | activates epithelial and mesenchymal growth |
| TGF-β | has both activation and inhibitory effects --> inhibits T cell growth CTL activation and macrophage activation |
| TH1 cells | (IL-2 TNF IFN-γ) -activated by DC --> (DTH & CMI)activates mΦ increases Ag presentation and Fc receptor expression |
| TH2 cells | (IL-3 IL-4 IL-5 IL-10 IL13) - activated by DC --> mediates humoral responses and allergies via IgE |
| Lysyl-oxidase | crosslinkstropocollagen molecules |
| Lysyl-hydroxylase | Ehlos Danhers |
| Procollagen peptidase | Pro-to-tropocollagen;enzymatic removal of nonhelical domain |
| Collagen-fibril | self-aggregation in staggered array |
| FACIT | mediates cross linking of fibrils |
| Type-I-collagen | CONNECTIVE TISSUE;XII SKIN/PLACENTA |
| Type-II-collagen | CARTILAGE;ASSOCIATEDW/TYPE IX |
| Type-III-collagen | RETICULAR TISSUE |
| Type-IV-collagen | BASAL LAMINA |
| ELASTIC-FIBERS | STAIN BLACK |
| Pro-elastin | contains isodesmosine&isodesmosine |
| MAGP | MICROFIBRIL ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEIN |
| Fibrillin-1 | force bearing structural support |
| Fibrillin-2 | regulates assembly of elastic fiber |
| Marfan's-Syndrome | fibrillin 1 deficiency |
| Reticular-fibers | stain black w/silver stain |
| Sudan-red | stain frozen section of lipid |
| Para-aortic LP Splanchnic Mesoderm | Hematopoietic stem cells (@ week 5) that seed: Thymus (just before birth), Peyer’s Patches (after birth), Lingual tonsil (after birth), Palatine tonsils (after birth),Pharyngeal tonsils (after birth),Appendix (after birth), Spleen (Wk 10), Bone Marrow (Wk 12), Liver (Wk 6) |
| LP Splanchnic Mesoderm | GALT, stroma of appendix, sroma of peyer's patches, liver; stroma and parenchyma of spleen; lymph nodes |
| LP Somatic Mesoderm | GALT, Lymph nodes; dermis: body trunk |
| Cranial Ectomesenchyme | Dermis: head · Dentin, pulp cavity of teeth · Thymus · Lingual tonsil · Palatine tonsil (inner) · Stroma of pharyngeal tonsils |
| Neural Crest | Teeth pulp cavity; teeth innervation; pigment of skin, hair and retina ( melanocytes) |
| Surface Ectoderm | hair, eyebrows, eyelashes, fingernails, toenails, teeth enamel, epidermis, pharyngeal and lingual tonsils of oral cavity |
| Dermatomal Somatic Mesoderm | Dermis: back over vertebral columns; GALT |
| Appendicular Ectomesenchyme | Dermis: appendages; GALT |
| Scleretomal Somitic Mesoderm | Lymph nodes |
| Extra-Embryonic LP Splanchnic Mesoderm | Hofbauer cells (@ week 3) |
| Dermatomal Somitic Mesoderm | Lymph nodes |
| Endoderm | Parenchyma of appendix and liver; lining of 3rd, 4th pharyngeal pouches-thymus; lining of 2nd pharyngeal pouch-palantine tonsil |
| morbilliform | eruptionsw/erythematous macules and papules; named for resemblance to measles; caused by exposure to medications or viral infections. |
| scarlitiniform | eruptions w/confluent blanching erythema; name was derived from their similarity to the eruption of scarlet fever |
| exanthem | an acute generalized eruption of the skin |
| Herpesviruse | varicella-zoster virus |
| Parvoviruses | B19 virus |
| Paramyxoviruses | measles virus |
| Poxviruses | smallpox |
| Togaviruses | rubella virus |
| acute | having severe symptoms and a short course |
| chronic | persisting for a long time |
| serous | pertainng to/resembling/containg serum |
| purulent | suppurative;pus |
| suppurative | pus |
| fibrino-purulent | characterized by the presence of fibrin and pus |
| catarrhal | inflammation of a mucous membrane |
| cellulitis | an infection of the deep subcutaneous tissue of the skin |
| phlegmon | diffuse inflammation of the soft or connective tissuedue to infection |
| abscess | localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by disintegration of tissues |
| ulcer | local excavation of surface tissue due tosloughing or inflammatory necrosis |
| cytokine | non-antibody signaling proteins sent betweeen cell pops. on contact w/antigen |
| chemokine | cytokine that can induce chemotaxis |
| granulomatous | containing granulomas |
| leukocytosis | transient increasee in # of blood leukocytes |
| leukemoid reaction | resembling leukemia (neoplastic leukocytes) |
| leukopenia | less than 5000 leukocytes ml blood |
| neutrophilia | increase 3 of blood neutrophils |
| neutropenia | diminished 3 blood neutrophils |
| eosinophilia | abnormal increase blood [eosinophils] |
| basophili | abnormal increase in blood [basophils] |
| lymphangitis | inflammation of lymph vessel |
| lymphadenitis | inflammation of lymph node(s) |
| bacteremia | presence of bacteria in the blood |
| sepsis | presence of microbes or their toxins in blood |
| stem cell | generalized mother cell; pluripotent |
| progenitor cell | multipotent; more differentiated than stem cell |
| Zeta-potential | net- charge on RBC due to sialic acid residues |
| Increased-sed-rate | acute inflammatory response (fibrinogen) |
| Net-positive-charge | ”fibrinogen |
| Increased-sed-rate | increased immunoglobulin synthesis |
| →AP-1 | MAP KINASES |
| →MAP-KINASES | ”Ras-GTP |
| PLCγ1-activation | →incr. Ca+2 |
| →incr.Ca+2 | →calcineurin |
| →calcineurin | →NFAT |
| PLCγ1-activation | →DAG |
| →DAG | →PKC |
| →PKC | NF-κB |
| Cyclosporine-blocks | NF-AT activation |
| Steroids-inhibit | NF-κB and AP-1(Fos/Jun) |
| NF-AT | transcription factor req. for IL-2 gene |
| NF-κB | transcription factor req. for IL-2 gene |
| AP-1(Fos/Jun) | transcription factor req. for IL-2 gene |
| c-myc | gene req. for T cell activation |
| CD40L | gene req. for T cell activation |
| IL-2R | gene req. for T cell activation |
| TAP/LMP | LOCATED ON CHROMOSOME 6 |
| Clonal-selection | germinal follicle |
| Germinal-follicle | affinity maturation |
| Memory | “peripheral |
| CD44 | LEUKOCYTE HOMING |
| CD25 | IL-2 RECEPTOR |
| CD3 | PART OF TCR COMPLEX |
| CD4 | MHC-II CORECEPTOR |
| CD8 | MHC-I CORECEPTOR |
| Chromosome-14 | Heavy chain genes |
| Ig-κ | Chromosome 2 |
| Ig-λ | Chromosome 22 |
| DC1 | myeliod IL-12+++ |
| DC2 | lymphoid Il-12+/- |
| early-IL-4 | DC1;IL-12;Th1 |
| persistent-IL-4 | DC2;Th1;Th2 |
| SIALOMUCINS | GlyCAM-1 CD34 |
| CCL19 | produced by HEV |
| MadCAM | PEYER’S L-selectin ligand |
| pre-b | recomb Hc VDJ; µ mRNA |
| Immature-B | IgM; recmb Hc: κ γ (VJ) |
| Immature-B | negative selection |
| Mature-b | alternative splicing |
| TH1 | macrophage activation |
| TH2 | eosinophils/mast cells |
| CTLS | cytotoxicity/macrophage activation |
| NK | cytotoxicity/macrophage activation |
| ADCMC | NK cells |
| NKcell | antibody depdt cell med. cytotoxicity |
| FcRS | allow overlap btwn humoral and innate |
| induction | expansion |
| TH1 | IL-18 |
| TH2 | dev |
| RANTES | MIP-α/β bind CCR5 |
| TH1 | IFN-γ; tbet |
| TH1 | stat 4→IFN-γ ↑ th1 |
| IFN-γ | activates macrophages |
| activate-neutrophils | lymphotoxin & tnf |
| T-cell-amplification | ↑ B7 xprsn costims on MCH (B7) |
| Pro-B | CD43;CD19;CD10 |
| stemcell | CD43 |
| Pre-B | B220;CD43 |
| DC1 | myeliod IL-12+++ |
| DC2 | lymphoid Il-12+/- |
| early-IL-4 | DC1;IL-12;Th1 |
| persistent-IL-4 | DC2;Tha;Th2 |
| pre-b | µ ; pre-b rcptr |
| pre-b | recomb Hc VDJ; µ mRNA |
| Immature-B | IgM; recmb Hc: κ γ (VJ) |
| Immature-B | negative selection |
| Mature-b | alternative splicing |
| TH1 | macrophage activation |
| TH2 | eosinophils/mast cells |
| CTLS | cytotoxicity/macrophage activation |
| NK | cytotoxicity/macrophage activation |
| ADCMC | NK cells |
| NKcell | antibody depdt cell med. cytotoxicity |
| FcRS | allow overlap btwn humoral and innate |
| CD40 | CD54 |
| TH1 | IL-18 |
| TH2 | dev |
| TH1 | IFN-γ; tbet |
| TH1 | stat 4→IFN-γ ↑ th1 |
| IFN-γ | activates macrophages |
| activate-neutrophils | lymphotoxin & tnf |
| T-cell-amplification | ↑ B7 xprsn costims on MCH (B7) |
| CRC3 | antigen-binding, diversity |
| junctional diversity | +/- nucltds @ V+D or D+J |
| Rag 1/Rag 2 | cleaves exons, forms hairpin |
| N nucleotides | non-template encoded |
| P nucleotides | ARTEMIS/complementary/VDJ |
| fetal liver derived stem cells | B-1 B-cells |
| BONE MARROW DERIVED HSC | FOLLICULAR B-CELLS |
| CLP | COMMON LYMPHIOD PROGENITOR |
| NEGATIVE SELECTION | STRONG SELF ANTIGEN BINDING |
| POSITIVE SELECTION | WEAK SELF ANTIGEN BINDING |
| TdT | mediates nucleotide addition at junctions |
| PCR | detect tumor cells in blod or tissue |
| ARTEMIS | CLEAVES GERMLINE ENDS, ASYMETRICALLY |
| TdT | NON-TEMPLATE ADDITION OF NCLTDS |
| EBF-E2A-Pax5 encode | Rag1 and 2 |
| EBF-EZA-Pax 5 | B-cell committment |
| Notch-1, GATA 3 | T-cell committment |
| Pro-B to Pre-B | IgM rearrangement |
| IgA deficiency | Giardia, TACI mutation |
| ICAM | LFA-1 |
| 1-3 HOURS | C-fos |
| 4-24HRS | CD40 LIGAND |
| 3 HRS-4 DAYS | IL-2 RECEPTOR |
| 6 HRS-2 DAYS | IL-2 |
| 6 HRS-4 DAYS | DNA SYNTHESIS |
| 4DAYS- 1-2WKS | VLA-4,-5,-6 |
| DC1 USES | IL-12 |
| DC2 USES | IFN-ALPHA, -BETA |
| PRE-DC1 | GM-CSF + IL-4 + CD40L |
| DC1 MAKES | IFN-GAMMA |
| DC2 MAKES | IFN-GAMMA, IL-10 |
| CD28 | B-7 |
| CD45 | IMMUNE SYNAPSE |
| c-KIT | PRE-PRO T-CELL |
| UNIVERSAL SURVIVAL SURFACE SIGNAL | c-KIT |
| UNIVERSAL T-CELL JUICE | INTERLEUKIN-2 |
| MEDUALLARY CORTICAL JUNCTION | NEGATIVE SELECTION |
| SMP/SMP1 | EXIT GERMINAL CENTER |
| DE-ADENINE DEAMINASE | TH1 TH2 MIGRATION? |
| INCREASE IN IL-7 | CHANGE IN M/E RATIO |
| plasmin | proteolytic enzyme present in inflammatory exudate |
| kinninogens | vasoactive peptides generated from plasma proteins by kallikreins |
| bradykinin | vasoactive nonpeptide |
| effects of bradykinin | increased vascular permeability |
| Hageman's Factor | FACTOR XII of intrinsic clotting pathways |
| cleaves glycoprotein precursor,"high molecular weight kinniogen," to produce bradykinin | kallikrein |
| alternative pathway | cleavage of C3 in response to endotoxin, microbial LPS...cobra venom,etc... |
| C3 convertase | splits C3 to C3a and C3b |
| C3b | functional fragment of C3; covalently attaches to complement target; then to other c-fragments to form C5-convertase |
| C5-convertase | cleaves C5 to C5b and C5a; binds late components C6-9 together to form MAC |
| C5a activates | lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid met. in PMNs and Monocytes |
| C5a | powerful chemotactant for neutrophils, monocytes, eoisinophils, basophils |
| C3b, iC3b | opsonins, fix to bacterial cell wall, enhance affinity for phagocytosis |
| PARs (protease activated receptors) | GPCRs on platelets, endothelialsm. muscle; bind various trypsin like serine proteases |
| engagement of PAR-1 by factor IIa triggers... | mobilization of P-selectin; prod. chemokines, PAF, NO, prostaglandins; |
| major coagulation protease, cleaves circulating soluble fibrinogen to... | thrombin; ...form insoluble fibrin clot |
| thrombin (factor IIa) | protease; main link between coagulation and inflammation |
| kallikrein | potent activator of Hageman Factor; autocatalytic amplification of initial stimulus |
| kallikrein | directly converts C5 to chemotractant C5a |
| effects of complement activation | increase opsonation, chemotaxis, vascular permeability, proteolytic enzymes |
| lectin pathway | plasma mannose bindinig lectin binds carbs on microbes--> C1 |
| VASOCONSTRICTION | thromboxane A2; leukotriense C4, D4, E4 |
| VASODILATION | PGI2, PGE1, PGE2, PGD2 |
| CHEMOTAXIS; LEUKOCYTE ADHESION | Leukotriene B4; HETE, lipotoxins |
| Prostaglandins, NO, Histamine | VASODILATION |
| Increased Vascular Permeability | Vasoactive Amines, Bradykinin; C3a, C5a; PAF, leukotrienes C4,D4,E4 |
| chemotaxis, leukocyte recruitment/activation | C5a; leukotrienes B4; chemokines; IL-1; TNF;prostaglandins |
| Pain | prostaglandinis; bradykinin |
| tissue damage | lysosomal enzymes from MACS & PMNs; ROS, NO |
| chemokines | increased avidity of integrins |
| leukocyte diapedesis; vascular permeabilty | predominantly in venules; capillaries of lungs |
| 1st 6-24 hours of inflammatory infiltrate | neutrophils predominate |
| hours 24-48 of inflammatory infiltrate | monocytes predominate |
| pre-formed, chemical mediators of inflammation in secretory granules | HISTAMINE; SEROTONIN; LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES |
| sources of pre-formed mediators in secretory granules | MCs; basophils; platelets; PMNs, Macs |
| cellular; newly synthesized chemical mediators of inflamm. | prostaglandins; leukotrienes; PAF; ROS; NO; Cytokines |
| source of synthesized cellular | allleukocytes, platelets, EC, Macs, No, Cytokines, Macs, lymphocyres |
| chemical mediators of inflam. from liver/plasma; Factor XII activation | Kinin System (bradykinin) |
| chemical mediators of inflam. from liver/plasma/complement activation; anaphalotoxin | C3a; C5a |
| chemical mediators of inflam. from liver/plasma/complement activation; membrane attack complex | C3b; C5b-C9 |
| CD4+ HELPER T-LYMPHOCYTES | B-CELL DIFFERENTIATION, MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION |
| CD8+ CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES | KILLING OF CELLS INFECTED WITH MICROBES, TUMOR CELLS |
| CD4+ HELPER T-LYMPHOCYTES | CLASS II MHC COMPLEXES |
| CD8+ CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES | CLASS I MHC COMPLEXES |
| REGULATORY T CELLS | ALPHA-BETA HETERODIMERS, supression of T-cell activity |
| gamma/& T-Lymphocytes | HELPER AND CYTOTOXIC FUNCTIONS IN INNATE IMMUNITY |
| B-LYMPHOCYTES | HUMORAL IMMUNITY (Fc RECEPTORS, CLASS II MHC, CD19; CD21) |
| NATURAL KILLER CELLS | KILLING OF INFECTED/DMGED CELLS; CD16; Fc receptor for IgG |
| Natural Killer T-cells | suppress or activate, innate or adaptive |
| Natural Killer T-cells | CD16; CD3; Fcrecpetor for IgG |
| B-cells | Respond to cell-free and plasma membrane-bound antigens |
| T-cells | Respond to cell-bound antigens |
| Natural-killer-cells | Cell population lacking T cell receptor (TCR) and CD4 and CD8 coreceptors |
| Macrophages | Monocyte-derived cells |
| Dendritic-cells | Monocyte-derived cells (e.g. |
| Follicular-dendritic-cells | Found in lymphatic nodules |
| Effector-cells | Macrophages |
| plasmin | proteolytic enzyme present in inflammatory exudate |
| kinninogens | vasoactive peptides generated from plasma proteins by kallikreins |
| bradykinin | vasoactive nonpeptide |
| effects of bradykinin | increased vascular permeability |
| Hageman's Factor | FACTOR XII of intrinsic clotting pathways |
| cleaves glycoprotein precursor,"high molecular weight kinniogen," to produce bradykinin | kallikrein |
| alternative pathway | cleavage of C3 in response to endotoxin, microbial LPS...cobra venom,etc... |
| C3 convertase | splits C3 to C3a and C3b |
| C3b | functional fragment of C3; covalently attaches to complement target; then to other c-fragments to form C5-convertase |
| C5-convertase | cleaves C5 to C5b and C5a; binds late components C6-9 together to form MAC |
| C5a activates | lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid met. in PMNs and Monocytes |
| C5a | powerful chemotactant for neutrophils, monocytes, eoisinophils, basophils |
| C3b, iC3b | opsonins, fix to bacterial cell wall, enhance affinity for phagocytosis |
| PARs (protease activated receptors) | GPCRs on platelets, endothelialsm. muscle; bind various trypsin like serine proteases |
| engagement of PAR-1 by factor IIa triggers... | mobilization of P-selectin; prod. chemokines, PAF, NO, prostaglandins; |
| major coagulation protease, cleaves circulating soluble fibrinogen to... | thrombin; ...form insoluble fibrin clot |
| thrombin (factor IIa) | protease; main link between coagulation and inflammation |
| kallikrein | potent activator of Hageman Factor; autocatalytic amplification of initial stimulus |
| kallikrein | directly converts C5 to chemotractant C5a |
| effects of complement activation | increase opsonation, chemotaxis, vascular permeability, proteolytic enzymes |
| lectin pathway | plasma mannose bindinig lectin binds carbs on microbes--> C1 |
| VASOCONSTRICTION | thromboxane A2; leukotriense C4, D4, E4 |
| VASODILATION | PGI2, PGE1, PGE2, PGD2 |
| CHEMOTAXIS; LEUKOCYTE ADHESION | Leukotriene B4; HETE, lipotoxins |
| Prostaglandins, NO, Histamine | VASODILATION |
| Increased Vascular Permeability | Vasoactive Amines, Bradykinin; C3a, C5a; PAF, leukotrienes C4,D4,E4 |
| chemotaxis, leukocyte recruitment/activation | C5a; leukotrienes B4; chemokines; IL-1; TNF;prostaglandins |
| tissue damage | lysosomal enzymes from MACS & PMNs; ROS, NO |
| chemokines | increased avidity of integrins |
| leukocyte diapedesis; vascular permeabilty | predominantly in venules; capillaries of lungs |
| 1st 6-24 hours of inflammatory infiltrate | neutrophils predominate |
| hours 24-48 of inflammatory infiltrate | monocytes predominate |
| pre-formed, chemical mediators of inflammation in secretory granules | HISTAMINE; SEROTONIN; LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES |
| sources of pre-formed mediators in secretory granules | MCs; basophils; platelets; PMNs, Macs |
| cellular; newly synthesized chemical mediators of inflamm. | prostaglandins; leukotrienes; PAF; ROS; NO; Cytokines |
| source of synthesized cellular | allleukocytes, platelets, EC, Macs, No, Cytokines, Macs, lymphocyres |
| chemical mediators of inflam. from liver/plasma; Factor XII activation | Kinin System (bradykinin) |
| chemical mediators of inflam. from liver/plasma/complement activation; anaphalotoxin | C3a; C5a |
| chemical mediators of inflam. from liver/plasma/complement activation; membrane attack complex | C3b; C5b-C9 |
| Vasodilation | Prostaglandins |
| Vasodilation | Nitric oxide |
| Vasodilation | Histamine |
| Chemotaxis-leukocyte-recruitment-and-activation | C5a |
| Chemotaxis-leukocyte-recruitment-and-activation | Leukotriene B4 |
| Chemotaxis-leukocyte-recruitment-and-activation | Chemokines |
| Chemotaxis-leukocyte-recruitment-and-activation | IL-1 |
| Chemotaxis-leukocyte-recruitment-and-activation | Bacterial products |
| Fever | IL-1& TNF |
| Fever | Prostaglandins |
| Pain | Prostaglandins |
| Pain | Bradykinin |
| Tissue damage | Neutrophil and macrophage lysosomal enzymes |
| Tissue damage | Nitric oxide |
| Tissue damage | Oxygen metabolites |
| histamine | mast cells, platelets |
| serotonin | mast cells, platelets |
| bradykinin | plasma substrate, pain |
| C3a | Plasma protien via liver, opsonic fragment |
| C5a | macrophages, leukocyte adhesion, activation |
| prostaglandins | mast cells from membrane phospholipids, vasodilation, pain, fever |
| leukotriene B4 | leukocytes; leukocyte adhesion, activation |
| Leukotriene C4, D4, E4 | leukocytes, mast cells; bronchoconstriction, vasoconstriction |
| oxygen metabolites | leukocytes, endothelial damage, tissue damage |
| PAF | leukocytes, mast cells; bronchoconstriction, leukocyte priming |
| IL-1 | macrophages, other; acute-phase reactions, endothelial activation |
| TNF | macrophages, other; acute-phase reactions, endothelial activation |
| Chemokines | leukocytes, other; leukocyte activation |
| Nitric Oxide | Macrophages, endothelium; vasodilation, cytotoxicity |
| C-reactive Protein (CRP) | ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS up regulated by IL-6 |
| Fibrinogen | ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS up regulated by IL-6 |
| serum almyloid A protein (SAA) | ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS up regulated by IL-1 or TNF |
| bacterial triacylated lipopeptides | TLR1 |
| Bacterial peptidoglycan and lipoprotein | TLR2 |
| bacterial porins | TLR2 |
| lipotechoic acid, bacterial di- and tri-acylated lipopeptides | TLR2 |
| viral hemagglutinin | TLR2 |
| Gram-negative Lipopolysachharides | TLR4 |
| Fungal mannans | TLR4 |
| parasitic phospholipids | TLR4 |
| viral envelope proteins | TLR4 |
| host shock proteins | TLR4 |
| bacterial flagellin | TLR5 |
| lipotechoic acid, diacylated lipopeptides | TLR6 |
| TLR 1 | Plasma membrane |
| TLR2 | Plasma membrane |
| TLR4 | Plasma membrane |
| TLR5 | Plasma membrane |
| TLR6 | Plasma membrane |
| viral double strand RNA | TLR3 |
| viral single strand RNA | TLR7/TLR8 |
| viral and bacterial unmethylated CpG DNA | TLR9 |
| TNF | INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES |
| IL-1 | INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES |
| IL-12 | INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES |
| IL-8 | CHEMOKINES |
| MCP-1 | CHEMOKINES |
| RANTES | CHEMOKINES |
| E-SELECTIN | ENDOTHELIAL ADHESION MOLECULES |
| CD80 | COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES |
| CD86 | COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES |
| IFN alpha/beta | ANTI-VIRAL CYTOKINES |
| TLR3 | Endosomal Membrane |
| TLR7 | Endosomal Membrane |
| TLR8 | Endosomal Membrane |
| TLR9 | Endosomal Membrane |
| cathespin G | hydrolyzes bac. envelope proteins |
| cathespin D | cleaves cartlige proteoglycans |
| collagen break-down products | chemotactic for PMN, monocyts, fibroblsts |
| defensins | 30-50% of 1' granule proteins |
| protease inhibitors | protect tissue vs. lysosomal proteases |
| formyl-met peptide chemoattractant | present in azurophillic granules |
| Chediak Higashi | abnormal lg. lysoml granules |
| catalase counter acts | myeloperoxidase |
| fMLP | "follow me to le prokaryote" |
| cyt-b558 cytosolic subunits | p40 p67 p47 |
| cyt-b558 integral membrn. subunits | gp91 p22 phox |
| protease inhibitors | alpha2- macroglobulin |
| protease inhibitors | alpha1-antiprotease |
