| A | B |
|---|
| GREECE | Located at the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula - 3/4 of Greece is mountainous. |
| Aegean Sea | East Of Greece |
| Peninsula | good for trade and protection |
| Mountains | protected Greece against invaders - did not unite Greece as a country |
| Seas | Ionian Sea- West, Aegean Sea- East, Mediterranean Sea- South. |
| Crete | An Island Located Southeast Of Greece - Heavily Involved In Trade With Greeks, Phoenicians, And Egyptians. |
| Knossos | Capital City Of Crete. |
| King Minos | king of Crete (2000 bc). |
| Minoan civilization | (2500 to 1450 bc) on the island of Crete- civilization closely related to Greeks & Egyptians- peaked about 1600 BC. |
| Labyrinth | a maze beneath king minos’s palace where the minotaur lived. |
| Minotaur | mythical figure - body of a man, teeth of a lion, head of a bull. |
| Myth | legendary and traditional stories that a society uses to explain some event. |
| Earth mother | Head god of the people on Crete- responsible for the birth and the growth of all living things. |
| Matriarchal | latin word “mater” meaning mother - the Crete women had the same rights as men did. |
| Mycenaeans | a group from central Asia - they moved into Greece in 2000 bc - they traded with the minoans and were considered the first Greeks. |
| Hellenes | the people who lived in Greece when the Mycenaeans arrived. |
| Mycenae | a city built by the Mycenaeans which served as the center of government and the center of their industry. |
| Dorians | this group conquered the Mycenaeans- spoke Greek- used iron weapons- defeated Mycenaeans because the Mycenaeans used bronze in their weapons which made them softer. |
| “dark age” | period Dorians controlled Greece (300 yrs) because Greeks stopped trading- no education & agriculture was chief industry to feed the people. |
| Ionians | Greek people who moved to Asia Minor during dark ages- pres'd culture & took back to Greece- took 24 letter alphabet to Greece. |
| Bards | “a singing poet” - people who memorized Greek stories and sang them to the people. |
| Homer | a blind poet who wrote the Illiad And The Odyssey. |
| Illiad | an epic poem about the Trojan war - it was entwined with history and mythology. |
| Paris | Trojan prince who fell in love with Helen of Troy- she was married to a Mycenaean king (Odysseus)- Paris kidnaps Helen & takes her to Troy- starts the Trojan war. |
| Helen | wife of a Mycenaean king (Odysseus) who was kidnapped by Paris. |
| Troy | a city on Asia Minor which was the site of the Trojan war which lasted 10 years. |
| Illium | a Greek settlement where troy was located. |
| Trojan Horse | this was left at the gates of troy as a tribute to the Greeks. |
| Siege | to surround a city in order to starve the people out. |
| Achilles | epic hero of the Trojan war. |
| Odyssey | epic story of the Greek king Odysseus’s return from troy. |
| Odysseus | king of Mycenaean’s who beat the Trojans and won the Trojan War. |
| Polytheism | the belief in many gods. |
| Humanized deities | Greek gods were physically human - gods also developed a variety of human emotions . |
| Zeus | king of the Greek gods. |
| Aphrodite | goddess of love and beauty. |
| Hades | god of the underworld. |
| Hermes | messenger god. |
| Dionysus | god of wine, fertility, and ecstasy. |
| Hera | goddess of the earth. |
| Apollo | god of light, healing and poetry. |
| Ares | god of war. |
| Mount Olympus | where the most important 12 Greek gods lived. |
| Olympic games | a festival to honor the Greek gods - the first event was running. |
| Polis | Greek word meaning city. |
| City - State | most common political unit- each city was independent and self-governing (2 major city-states were Athens & Sparta.). |
| Acropolis | fortified mountain in the center of the city where a temple was built to honor the city-state’s god. The temple was called the Parthenon. |
| Citizenship | an individual (because of his birth right) is given a place in society with certain rights and responsibilities. |
| Colonies | a settlement outside your homeland - established for trade and resources. |
| Monarchy | rule by a king or queen - power by hereditary (birth right). |
| Aristocracy | rule by the upper class - also called aristocrats - birthright. |
| Oligarchy | rule by a privileged few. |
| Democracy | rule by the people. |
| direct democracy | people propose and vote on laws. |
| republic democracy | people elect representative to propose and vote for laws. |
| Agora | the base of the acropolis- town square today- merchants sold their products. |
| Tyrant | rule by one person who usually seizes his power. |
| Tyranny | rule by a person who is considered unjust or cruel. |
| Sparta | a Greek city-state known for its harsh lifestyle and strong military. |
| Peloponnesus | Greek peninsula where sparta is located. |
| Helots | slaves of sparta - revolted causing sparta ruling class to develop strong military. |
| Military culture | society revolves around the military - young men drafted - little education. |
| Kings | two men who ruled jointly - led army and conducted religious services. |
| Ephors | five men who were elected yearly to administer public affairs and they also had veto power. |
| Assembly | composed of all the males over twenty years of age - responsibility was to pass laws. |
| Council of elders | twenty-eight men over sixty - they proposed laws and served as a supreme court. |
| Attica | eastern peninsula where Athens is located. |
| Athens | - Greek city-state - best known for its culture and government - gave us democracy - also gave us philosophers, art and science. |
| Metics | free foreigners in Athens who were originally denied citizenship and the ability to participate in the government. |
| Draco | athenian leader - issued first law codes - 621 bc - he was a tyrant and he passed harsh laws |
| Draconian | very harsh or severe . |
| Solon | 594 bc - he introduced land reforms by taking land from the wealthy and giving it to the poor - he had two house legislator: one for the wealthy and one for the commoners. |
| Debt slavery | solon ended debt slavery - the practice of putting people who owed money into slavery until their debt was paid off. |
| Peisistratus | 546 bc - he extended citizenship to people who did not own property. |
| Cliesthenes | 508 bc he was known as the “father of athenian democracy” - he reorganized the government and gave citizenship to most men in Africa. |
| Assembly | he was responsible for proposing and passing all of the laws in Athens - every male citizen was in the assembly. |
| Council of 500 | this group consisted of 500 people- these people were responsible for running the government for one year. |
| Election by lottery | Greeks elected to choose people by a lottery. |
| Election by ballot | citizens vote for someone. |
| Trial by jury | to be convicted of a crime you had to be found guilty by a jury of people who were similar to you (jury of your peers)- simple majority could convict someone– 201-1001 people served on a jury. |
| Ostracism | ability of citizens in Athens to exile a public official for 10 years if he (the official) was not performing his job adequately. |
| Athenian education | male citizens from 7 to 18 years of age were educated to hold public office. |
| Agora | the town square - the place located in the center of the city-state where the government met (all male citizens). |
| Rhetoric | public speaking. |
| wars fought between Greeks & Persian between 490-479 bc (this was the only time that the Greeks ever united together to fight someone else.) These wars started when the Persians took over Ionia. | wars fought between Greeks & Persian between 490-479 bc (this was the only time that the Greeks ever united together to fight someone else.) These wars started when the Persians took over Ionia. |
| First battle | Greeks lost because of bad weather |
| Second battle | Greeks won- they attacked the Persians as they were getting off their boats. |
| Third battle | Greeks won- land battle- Greeks had smaller ships that were more maneuverable in the water- Greeks burned Persian ships. |
| Cyrus | King of Persia - 546 bc - he conquered Greek colonies. |
| Darius I | Persian king - when ionia revolted against the Greek colonies king darius helped them - he led the first invasion of Greece in 490 bc. |
| Marathon | a place - a battlefield . |
| Pheidippedes | a Greek messenger who ran from the battlefield of marathon to Athens telling the atheians that Greeks had won. He died shortly after his 26.6 mile run. |
| Xerxes | Persian king - he invaded Greece in 480 bc . |
| Thermopylae | a pass through the mountains held by the Greeks for 3 days – the spartans slowed down the Persian army for 3 days - Persian army burned Athens. |
| Leonidas | he led spartans in the thermopylae battle. |
| Salamis | a strait- a definitive navy battle- the Persians were forced to leave Greece & never tried to invade Greece again. |
| “Golden Age” | Athens led the period of cultural and scientific advancement during this time period. |
| Pericles | led Athens during its “golden age”- rebuilt Athens using marble– was killed by Typus. |
| Peloponnesian war | 431 - 404 bc - twar between (civil war, Greeks fighting Greeks) Delian league (northern Greek city-states) vs. The Peloponnesian league (southern Greek city-states) – it was won by the Spartans – it weakened Greece. |
| Delian league | military alliance of northern Greek city-states that was dominated by Athens’s powerful navy. |
| Achaean League / Peloponnesian League | military alliance among Sparta and city-states in southern Greece - it had a powerful army. |
| Alliance | an agreement among countries (city-states) for military support. |
| Typus | the plague- a widespread disease- it spread through Athens killing a large number of people. |
| Mercenaries | professional soldiers fighting for money. |
| Effects of the peloponnesian war | 1 large no.Greeks killed 2 large amt.Greek land destroyed 3 Good govt disappeared. |
| Thebes | a city whose people led northern Greece. |
| Macedonia | a country that invaded and conquered Greece – led by Philip II the father of Alexander The Great. |
