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| What types of people have extremely different social customs? | People living in other locations |
| What do geographers ask in regards to social customs? | WHY such differences exist and HOW social customs are related to the cultural landscape |
| Al-Qaeda terrorists regard attacks against the US and its allies as... | An attempt to fight the onslaught of Western-dominated popular culture |
| What 3 things does culture combine? | Values, material artifacts, political institutions |
| What do geographers look for when looking at culture? | Search for where these various elements of culture are found in the world and for reasons why the observed distributions occur |
| Why might 2 locations have similar cultural beliefs, objects, and institutions? | Because people bring along their culture when they migrate |
| When do cultural differences emerge? | When 2 groups have limited interaction |
| What type of culture is provided by each cultural group in their own way? | Material culture deriving from the survival activities of everyone's daily life (i.e. food/clothing/shelter) |
| What type of culture does each cultural group have its own definition about what is meaningful art and stimulating recreation? | Culture involving leisure activities (arts and recreation) |
| Habit | A repetitive act that a particular individual performs= Does not imply (unlike custom) that the act has been adopted by most of the society's population |
| Custom | A repetitive act of a group performed to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group= Is a habit that has been widely adopted by a group of people= Can be used to denote a specific element of material culture (like wearing jeans) |
| What produces a group's Material Culture? Example | A collection of social customs (Jeans typically represent American informality and a badge of youth) |
| Culture | Refers to a group's entire collection of customs |
| 2 Categories of Material Culture | (Differ according to scale) Folk and Popular Culture |
| Folk Culture | Practiced by small/homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas= May include custom (EX: like wearing a sarong [a loose skirt made of a long strip of cloth wrapped around the body] in Malaysia or a sari [a long cloth draped so that one end forms a skirt and the other a head or shoulder covering] in India) |
| Popular Culture | Found in large/heterogeneous societies that share certain habits (like wearing jeans) despite differences in other personal characteristics |
| Describe the scale of territory covered by a folk culture | Typically much smaller than that covered by a popular culture |
| What do geographers focus on when looking at folk and popular culture? | Where folk/popular cultures are located in space= Study a particular social custom's origin, its diffusion, and its integration with other social characteristics= Study relation between material culture and physical environment |
| Spatial distribution of a cultural activity | Each cultural activity (like wearing jeans) has a distinct spatial distribution |
| Relationship between cultural groups and environment | Each cultural group takes particular elements from environment into its culture and in turn constructs landscapes ("Built Environments") that modify nature in distinctive ways |
| Popular Culture vs. Folk Culture: Distribution | Pop. Culture has more widespread distribution than folk culture= Reason why distributions are different is interaction (or lack of it) |
| How/why does a group develop distinctive customs? | From experiencing local social/physical conditions in a place that is isolated from other groups= Even groups living nearby may generate a variety of folk customs in a limited geographic area because of limited communication |
| When do landscapes change relatively little over time? | When landscapes are dominated by collection of folk customs |
| What is popular culture based on? | Rapid simultaneous global connections though communications/transportation systems and other modern technology |
| Rapid diffusion facilitates... | Frequent changes in popular customs |
| Folk Culture vs. Popular Culture: When are they likely to vary | Folk culture likely to vary from place to place at a given time= Popular culture likely to vary from time to time at given place |
| Globalization | Popular culture is becoming more dominant and threatening survival of unique folk cultures= These folk customs (along with language/religion/ethnicity) provide unique identity to each group of people who occupy a specific region on Earth's surface |
| Result of disappearance of local folk customs | Local diversity is reduced in world along with intellectual stimulation that arises from differences in backgrounds |
| In what way can the dominance of popular culture threaten the quality of the environment? | Folk culture derived from local natural elements may be more sensitive to protection/enhancement of environment= Popular culture is less likely to reflect diversity of local physical conditions and is more likely to modify the environment in accordance with global values |
| Hearth | Center of innovation= Is where a social custom originates |
| Folk Customs: Hearth | Have anonymous hearths, originating from anonymous sources at unknown dates through unidentified originators= May also have multiple hearths, originating independently in isolated locations |
| Popular Culture: Hearth | Pop. culture is most often a product of the economically more developed countries (MDCs) especially North America, Western Europe, and Japan |
| Popular Culture: Popular Music and Fast food | Arise from combo of advances in industrial technology and increased leisure time |
| Popular Culture: Industrial technology (in terms of Hearth) | Permits uniform reproduction of objects in large quantities= These objects help people enjoy leisure time which has increased as result of widespread change for the labor force from predominantly agricultural work to predominantly service and manufacturing jobs |
| Folk Music: Hearth | (Music highlights differences in origins of folk and pop. culture) According to Chinese legend, music was invented in 2697 B.C. when Emperor Huang ti sent Ling Lun to cut bamboo poles that would produce a sound matching the call of the phoenix bird= In reality, folk songs are usually composed anonymously and transmitted orally |
| A song may be changed from one generation to the next...but... | As conditions change but the content is most often derived from events in daily life that are familiar to the majority of the people |
| What do folk songs do? | Tell story/convey info. about daily activities such as farming, life-cycle events (birth/death/marriage), or mysterious events (like storms and earthquakes) |
| Similarities between different culture's folk songs | Different culture's songs hardly sound lyrical to a Western ear but when English-language folk songs appear in cold print, similar themes emerge (even if the specific info. conveyed about the environment differs) |
| Popular Music: Characteristics and Hearth | Is written by specific individuals for purpose of being sold to many people= Displays high degree of technical skill and is frequently capable of being performed only in a studio with electronic equipment= Originated in 1900 |
| Variety Show | Was the main popular musical entertainment in US and Western Europe in 1900= Was called the "Music Ball" in United Kingdom and "Vaudeville" in US |
| How were songs provided for music halls and vaudeville? | Music industry was made in New York along 28th Street between 5th Avenue and 6th Avenue (now Avenue of the Americans)= This district became known as Tin Pan Alley |
| Tin Pan Alley | (Was where music industry originated in Manhattan office buildings) Named from sound of pianos being pounded/played by people called "Song Pluggers"= Was name of area where music industry was made in NY to provide songs for music halls and vaudeville= Was home to songwriters, music publishers, orchestrators, and arrangers= Disappeared after WWII as recorded music became more important than printed songsheets |
| Song Pluggers | People who demonstrated tunes to publishers in Tin Pan Alley |
| Companies in Tin Pan Alley | Originally tried to sell as many printed songsheets as possible although sales of recordings ultimately became the most important measure of success |
| Describe diffusion of American popular music worldwide | Began during WWII when Armed Forces Radio Network broadcast music to American soldiers and to citizens of countries where American forces were stationed/fighting= English became the international language for popular music= Today popular musicians in Japan/Poland/Russia/etc. often write and perform in English even though few people in their audiences understand the language |
| Hip Hop | Is more recent form of popular music= Originated in NY in late 1970s in the South Bronx= Neighborhood of South Bronx is mainly populated by low-income African American and Puerto Rican people (a changeover from its predominated pop. of middle class white people of European origin)= Rappers in other low-income NY City neighborhoods of Queens, Brooklyn, and Harlem adopted the style with local twists ("Thug Rap" in Queens and "Clever Lines" in Brooklyn) |
| Why is Hip Hop important? | Highlights interplay between globalization and local diversity |
| Hip Hop is a return to what? | A very local form of music expression rather than a form that is studio manufactured= Lyrics make local references and represent distinctive hometown scene |
| Diffusion of Hip Hop around world | Diffused rapidly through instruments of globalization: music is broadcast online and sold through Web marketing= Artists are expressing a sense of a specific place across the Internet |
| What does the spread of popular culture typically follow? | The process of hierarchical diffusion from hearths/nodes of innovation (In US, prominent nodes of innovation for popular culture include Hollywood, California [for film industry] and Madison Avenue in NY City [for advertising agencies]) |
| Diffusion of Popular Culture | Diffuses rapidly and extensively through use of modern communications/transportation |
| How is Folk Culture transmitted from one place to another? | Slowly and on a smaller scale than popular culture through migration rather than electronic communication= Spread through relocation diffusion |
| Is Hip Hop popular or folk music? Why/Why not? | Is popular music because it diffuses primarily through electronics |
| Relocation Diffusion | Spread of a characteristic through migration |
| Amish Customs | (Show how relocation diffusion distributes folk culture) Have distinct customs and leave unique pattern on landscapes where they settle= Shun mechanical/electrical power and still travel by horse and buggy and continue to use hand tools for farming= Amish population in US make up .03% of total US population (80,000) but their folk culture is visible on landscape of 17 states= Distribution of Amish folk culture across US is explained by looking at diffusion of their culture through migration |
| Amish: History | 1600, Swiss Mennonite bishop named Jakob Ammann gathered group of followers who became known as the Amish= Amish originated in Bern, Switzerland= Migrated to other portions of northwestern Europe in 1700s primarily for religious freedom= In Europe, Amish did not develop distinct language/clothing/farming practices and gradually merged with various Mennonite church groups= Many migrated to North America in 2 waves= In US, lived in rural and frontier settlements isolated from other groups and thus Amish communities retained their traditional customs |
| Amish: 2 waves of migration to North America | First group (mainly from Bern and the Palatinate) settled in Pennsylvania in early 1700s enticed by William Penn's offer of low-priced land= Because of lower land prices, 2nd group (from Alsace) settled in Ohio/Illinois/Iowa in US and Ontario, Canada in early 1800s= From these core areas, Amish migrated to other areas where inexpensive land was available |
| Does Amish folk culture continue to diffuse within US today? Why/why not? Example? | Yes but diffuses slowly through interregional migration |
| Where/why are Amish migrating out of Lancaster Country | According to Amish tradition, every son is given a farm when he is an adult but land suitable for farming is expensive and hard to find in Lancaster County because of its proximity to growing metropolitan areas= With average price of farmland in southwestern Kentucky less than 1/5 that in Lancaster County, an Amish family can sell farm in Pennsylvania and get enough land in Kentucky to provide adequate farmland for all their sons= Also migrating from Lancaster Country to escape influx of tourists who come from nearby metropolitan areas to see Amish's "weird" distinctive folk culture |
| Organized Sports | Provide examples of how popular culture is diffused |
| Where do most sports originate? | Many originated as isolated folk customs and were diffused through migration of individuals (like other folk culture) |
| Folk Culture origin of Soccer | Soccer is world's most popular sport (called football outside North America)= Origin is obscure (earliest contests were in England in 11th century)= Was made after Danish invasion of England between 1018 and 1042 when workers excavating a building site found a Danish soldier's head which they began kicking (called "Kick the Dane's Head)= Was imitated by boys and one got idea of using inflated cow bladder |
| What did early football games resemble? | Resembled mob scenes= Many people from 2 villages would gather to kick the ball and winning side was one that kicked ball into center of the rival village= In 12th century the game (by then commonly called football) was confined to smaller vacant areas and the rules became standardized |
| Soccer: King Henry II | Because football disrupted village life, he banned game from England in late 12th century= Was not legalized again until 1603 by King James I= At this point, football was an English folk custom rather than a global popular custom |
| Globalization of Soccer | Transformation of football from English folk custom to global popular culture began in 1800s= Football and other recreation clubs were founded in Britain frequently by churches to provide factory workers with organized recreation during leisure hours= Sport became a subject that was taught in school |
| Increased leisure time effect on sports | Allowed people to view/participate in sporting events= With higher incomes, spectators paid to see first-class events |
| Response to public's increased demand to see football | Football clubs began to hire professional players= Many British football clubs formed an associating in 1863 to standardize the rules and to organize professional leagues |
| What marks the transition of football in Great Britain from folk to popular culture? | Organization of the sport into a formal structure |
| Origin of the word "Soccer" | Originated after 1863 when supporters of the game formed the Football Association= "Association" was shortened to "assoc" and then became "soccer"= The terms "soccer" and "association football" also helped to distinguish the game from Rugby Football |
| Rugby Football | Permits both kicking/carrying of ball= Originated in 1823 when football player at Rugby School (in Rugby, England) picked up the ball and ran with it |
| Exportation/Diffusion of association football around the world | Started in late 1800s by British= Went first to continental Europe and then other countries= Football was first played in continental in late 1870s by Dutch students who had been in Britain= The game was diffused to other countries through contact with English players= British citizens further diffused the game throughout the worldwide British Empire= In 20th century, soccer (like other sports) was further diffused by new communication systems (especially radio/tv) |
| Diffusion of Soccer to Russia | Diffused when English manager of textile factory near Moscow organized a team at the factory in 1887 and advertised in london for workers who could play football= After Russian Revolution in 1917 both the factory and its football team were absorbed into the Soviet Electric Trade Union= Team was renamed Moscow Dynamo and became the country's most famous (although the official history of Soviet football never acknowledged its English origin) |
| Soccer in US | Was exported to US but never gained popularity it won in Europe and Latin America= 1st college football gamed played in US between Princeton and Rutgers in 1869 was really soccer and officials of many colleges met 4 years later to adopt football rules consistent with those of British soccer= However, Harvard's representatives successfully argued for adoption of rugby rules instead= Rugby was so extremely modified by US colleges that entirely new game (American Football) ermerged= Similar modifications of football were undertaken in other English-speaking countries (this complex tale of diffusion is typical of many popular customs) |
| Sports in Popular Culture | Each country has its own preferred sports= Cricket is popular mainly in Britain and former British colonies= Ice Hockey is popular in colder climates (especially Canada, Northern Europe, Russia)= Most popular sports in China are martial arts (known as "Wushu") including archery, fencing, wrestling, and boxing= Baseball (once confined to North America) became popular in Japan after it was introduced by American soldiers who occupied the country after WWII |
| Lacrosse | Has fostered cultural identity among the Iroquois Confederation of Six Nations (Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Senecas, Tuscaroras) who live in the northeastern US and southeastern Canada (Lacrosse is called "Guhchigwaha [means "bump hips"] in Iroquois language) |
| Diffusion of Lacrosse | European explorers observed Iroquois playing lacrosse in 1636= European colonists in Canada picked up game from Iroquois and diffused it to US (mainly Maryland, upstate New York, Long Island)= The name "lacrosse" is derived from French words "la crose" [means bishop's crosier/staff which has similar shape to the lacrosse stick]) |
| Today, what are organized spectator sports part of? | Part of popular culture= Common element in professional sports is willingness of people around world to pay to view (in person or on TV) events played by professional athletes |
| World Cup | Competition for world cup in soccer is example of global diffusion of sports= National soccer teams globally compete every 4 years (South Africa in 2010)= Because of TV, the final match is viewed by more spectators than any other event in history |
| Folk Culture: Origin, diffusion, distribution | Typically has unknown/multiple origins among groups living in relative isolation= Diffuses slowly to other locations through migration= Combo of physical/cultural factors influences distinctive distributions of folk culture |
| What do a group's unique folk customs develop from? | Centuries of relative isolation from customs practiced by other cultural groups |
| Folk customs observed at a point in time vary widely from... | One place to another (even among nearby places) |
| P. Karan and Cotton Mather | Studied artistic customs in Himalaya Mountains= Showed that distinctive views of the physical environment emerge among neighboring cultural groups that are isolated |
| What 4 religious groups does the study area in the Himalaya Mountains contain? | Tibetan Buddhists in North; Hindus in South; Muslims in West; Southeastern Asian animists in East= Despite spatial proximity, limited interaction among these groups produces distinct folk customs (shown through differences in the groups' paintings, dance, music, architecture, crafts) |
| How do the folk cultures of the 4 religious groups in the Himalaya Mountains mirror their religious/individual views of their environment? | Through their choices of subjects of paintings |
| Tibetan Buddhists in northern region paint... | Idealized divine figures (i.e. monks/saints)= Some of these figures are depicted as weird/scary, reflecting inhospitable environment |
| Hindus in southern region paint... | Scenes from everyday life and familiar local scenes= Sometimes portray a god in domestic scene and often represent region's violent/extreme climatic conditions |
| Muslims in the Islamic west paint... | The region's beautiful plants/flowers since the Muslim faith prohibits showing animate objects in art= Unlike paintings from Buddhist and Hindu regions, these painting do not depict harsh climatic conditions |
| Animist groups in Southeast Asia paint... | (Group migrated to eastern region of the study area) Symbols/designs that derive from their religion rather than from local environment |
| What does the distribution of artistic subjects in the Himalayas show? | Shows how folk customs are influenced by cultural institutions (i.e. religion) and by environmental processes (i.e. climate/landforms/vegetation) |
| Environmental Determinists | Theorized how processes in the environment cause social customs (this idea is mainly rejected since many examples exist of peoples who live in similar environments but adopt different social customs [opposite examples of these also exist]= Shows that environment is only one of many controls over social customs) |
| Customs are influenced by what? | Customs (like food provision, clothing, shelter) are influenced by prevailing climate, soil, and vegetation |
| Custom in netherlands of wearing wooden shoes | Derives from environmental conditions= Dutch farmers wear the wooden shoes (which are waterproof) as they work in fields that are often very wet because much of Netherlands is below sea level |
| Folk societies and environmental conditions | Are very responsive to environment because of their low level of technology and the prevailing agriculture economy= People living in folk cultures are likely to be farmers growing their own food, using hand tools and animal power= However, folk culture may ignore environment |
| Broad differences in folk culture arise from what? | Physical conditions which produce varied customs |
| Food and Shelter | (Demonstrate influence of cultural values/environment on development of unique folk culture) DIfferent folk societies prefer different foods/styles of house construction |
| Folk food habits | Derive from the environment |
| Vidal de la Blache | Said that food supply is one of most important connections that tie people to a certain environment= Said clothing/weapons more subject to modification than the dietary regime which experience has shown to be best suited to human needs in a given climate |
| Deciding what foods to produce in region | Must consider environmental characteristics of region (e.g. soil, climate, etc.)= EX: Rice demands milder/moist climate while wheat thrives in cold/drier regions= People adapt their food preferences to conditions in environment |
| Soybeans | (Example of region adapting food choice to environment) Soybeans (heavily grown in Asia) are toxic when raw but edible when cooked= However, fuel is scarce in Asia, so Asia has adapted to this environmental problem by making food from soybeans that don't require much cooking (e.g. bean sprouts [germinated seeds], soy sauce [fermented soybeams], bean curd [steamed soybeans]) |
| Traditional preferences in Europe for quick-frying foods in Italy resulted from... | Fuel shortages= In Northern Europe, large wood supply encouraged slow stewing/roasting of foods over fires (also provided home heat in colder climate) |
| Terroir | (French term) Is the contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes= Word comes from same root as "Terre" (French word for land/earth) but "terrior" does not translate precisely into English (has similar meaning of English expressions "grounded" or "sense of place")= Is the sum of the effects of the local environment on a particular food item= Term often used to refer to combination of soil, climate, and other physical features that contribute to the distinctive taste of a wine |
| Bostans | (Where studied by Paul Kaldjian) Small gardens inside Istanbul, Turkey that have been supplying the city with fresh produce for long time= Istanbul has around 1,000 Bostans run mainly by immigrants from Cide [rural village in Turkey's Kastamonu province]= Boston farmers able to maximize yields from small plots of land (1 hectare) through clever and efficient manipulation of space, season, and resources= 15 to 20 diff. types of vegetables are planted at diff. times of year and the choice is varied from year to year in order to reduce risk of damage from poor weather= Most of work done by older men who prepare beds for planting, sow, irrigate, and operate motorized equipment= Women weed, and both men and women harvest |
| Availability of products effect what? However... | Effect food customs but people don't just eat what is available in their environment |
| Food habits are strongly influenced by what? | Influenced by cultural traditions= What is eaten establishes one's social/religious/ethnic memberships |
| The surest way to identify a family's ethnic origins is what? | Is to look in the kitchen |
| Transylvania: What do food preferences/diversity show? | Show differences among groups who have long lived close together |
| Transylvania: Romanian's Soup | Made sour bran soups from cracked wheat/corn/brown bread/cherry tree twigs |
| Transylvania: Saxon's Soup | Simmered fatty pork in water, added sauerkraut/vinegar, and used fruits |
| Transylvania: Jew's Soup | Made soups from beets and sorrel (a leafy vegetable) rather than from meat |
| Transylvania: Armenian's Soup | Made soup based on churut (curdled milk) and ground vegetables |
| Transylvania: Hungarian's Soup | Added smoked bacon to the soup and thickened it with flour and onion fried in lard |
| Transylvania: Szekler's Soup | (Szeklers adopted many Jewish dietary practices including avoidance of pork products) Substituted smoke goose/other poultry for the bacon in the Hungarian recipes |
| Long after dress/manners/speech have become indistinguishable from majority... | Old food habits often continue as the last vestige of traditional folk customs |
| According to folk customs, everything in nature... | Carries a signature/distinctive characteristic based on its appearance/natural properties |
| Certain foods are eaten because their natural properties are thought to... | Enhance qualities considered desirable by the society (i.e. strength/fierceness/lovemaking ability)= This occurs because of folk customs |
| Mandrake | Plant native to Mediterranean climates= Thought to enhance people's lovemaking abilities= Smell of plant's orange-colored berries is attractive but mandrake's association with sex powers comes from appearance of the root (is thick, fleshy, and forked [suggesting man's torso])= Mandrake's root is administered as a drug in parts of Africa and Middle East and several references to its powers are found in the Bible |
| Taboo | Restriction on behavior imposed by social custom= People refuse to eat foods that are though to embody negative forces |
| Japanese food taboo | The Ainus avoided eating otters because thought them forgetful animals and eating them could cause loss of memory |
| European food taboo | Blamed potato (first edible plant they encountered that grew from tubers and not seeds) for many problems during 17th and 18th centuries including typhoid, tuberculosis, famine= Also initially resisted eating potato because resembled human deformities caused by leprosy |
| Mbum Kpau women of Chad food taboo | Before becoming pregnant, they don't eat chicken or goat since thought not eating them helps escape pain in childbirth and prevents birth of child with abnormalities= While pregnant, they avoid meat from antelopes with twisted horns (thought could cause them to bear children with deformities) |
| Trobriand Islands (off eastern tip of Papua New Guinea) food taboos | Couples not allowed to eat meals together before marriage while premarital sexual relations are an accepted feature of social life |
| Describe food taboos made by folk cultures out of concern for the natural environment | These taboos may help protect endangered animals or conserve scarce natural resources= For example, to preserve scarce animal species, only few high-ranking people in some tropical regions are allowed to hunt while majority cultivate crops |
| Most food-avoidance customs arise from what? | From cultural values= Many taboos against consumption of certain foods can be found in Bible |
| Ancient Hebrew Taboos | Were not allowed to eat many foods including animals that do not chew their cud or that have cloven feet and fish lacking fins or scales= These taboos arose from concern for environment by Hebrews who lived as pastoral nomads in lands bordering the eastern Mediterranean= Pig is prohibited because it is more suited to sedentary farming than pastoral nomadism and because its meat spoils quickly in hot climates (such as in the Mediterranean)= These biblical taboos were made through oral tradition and by rabbis into the Kosher Laws of today |
| Muslim Taboos | Embrace taboo against pork because pigs are unsuited for dry lands of the Arabian Peninsula (pigs would compete with humans for food/water without offering compensating benefits [like being able to pull a plow/carry loads/provide milk/wool])= Widespread raising of pigs would be an ecological disaster in Islam's hearth |
| Hindu Taboos | Taboo against cows partly due to environmental reasons= Cows are source of oxen (castrated male bovine), the traditional choice for pulling plows as well as carts= Large supply of oxen must be maintained in India since every field has to be plowed at approximately the same time [when the monsoon rains arrive]= Religious sanctions have kept India's cow population large as a form of insurance against the loss of oxen and increasing population |
| Taboo against consumption of meat among many people including Muslims, Hindus, and Jews are due to environmental factors as well as... | Social values must influence choice of diet because people in similar climates and with similar levels of income consume different foods |
| Biblical food taboos were made in part to... | Set the Hebrew people apart from others |
| Christians and biblical food taboos | Ignore the taboos= Shows their desire to distinguish themselves from Jews= Also, as a universalizing religion, Christianity was less tied to taboos that originated in the Middle East |
| Food taboos in countries dominated by popular culture (like US) | Americans avoid eating insects (despite nutritional value)= However, people in Thailand and Myanmar (Burma) eat deep fried giant water bugs as snack food or ground up in sauces= Mixing insects with rice provides lysine (amino acid often deficient in diet of people in less developed countries [LDCs])= Americans taboo against eating bugs is contradicted by eating of foods like canned mushrooms and tomato paste (which contain insects) |
| The House | (Jean Brunhes views the house as being among essential facts of human geography) Is a product of both cultural tradition and national conditions |
| House is good reflection of.... | (Said by Fred Kniffen) Cultural heritage, current fashion, functional needs, and the impact of environment |
| Building materials used to make a folk houses | Influenced by resources available in environment= Most common building materials in world are wood and brick= Wood is preferred for house construction if available because it is easy to build with= Also influenced by social factors= Building materials may be available but more expensive than alternatives |
| Material used by people in MDCs to build homes | Buy lumber that has been cut by machine into the needed shapes= Cut lumber is used to erect a frame, and sheets/strips of wood are attached for the floors, ceilings, and roof= Shingles/stucco/vinyl/aluminum/etc. may be placed on exterior for insulation/decoration |
| What do societies that have limited access to forests use for home building? | In hot/dry climates (like in US Southwest, Mexico, northern China, parts of Middle East) bricks are made by baking wet mud in the sun= Stone is used to build houses in parts of Europe and South America and as decoration on the outside of brick or wood houses in other countries |
| If desired material is not locally available for house construction... | Then it must be imported= Migrants sometimes paved streets and built houses in their new location with stone ballast placed in the hold of the ship that transported them |
| To save $ as well as trees, most new homes in the US... | Have interior walls made of drywall filled with gypsum [a widely available mineral] rather than wood |
| The House: Social groups may share....but... | May share building materials but the distinctive form of their houses may result from customary beliefs or environmental factors= Orientation of the houses on their plots of land can also vary= Form of houses in some societies might reflect religious values |
| Fiji: Religious form of the house | (Reflects religious values) East wall of house is sacred |
| China: Religious form of the house | (Reflects religious values) Northwest wall of house is sacred |
| In Madagascar, religious considerations influence what (in terms of homes/house building)? | The use of each part of the house and even furniture arrangement= Main door is on west (considered most important direction) while northeast corner is the most sacred= North wall is for honoring ancestors= Important guests enter a room from the north and are seated against the north wall= Bed is placed against the east wall of the house (with the head facing north) |
| Arrangement of household activities in many Southeast Asian societies | Governed by beliefs= In south-central part of island Java, the front door always faces south (direction of the South Sea Goddess who holds the key to Earth) |
| Lao: Arrangement of household activities | Lao people in northern Los arrange beds perpendicular to center ridgepole of the house= Head is considered high and noble and the feet considered low and vulgar thus people sleep so heads will be opposite their neighbor's heads and their feet opposite their neighbors feet= Principal exception to this arrangement: a child who builds a house next door to the parents sleeps with his/her head toward the parents' feet as a sign of obeying the customary hierarchy |
| Yuan and Shan peoples vs. Lao people: House | Although they speak similar Southeast Asian languages and adhere to Buddhism, Lao don't orient houses in same manner Yuan aand Shan peoples in northern Thailand= Yuan and Shan ignore position of neighbors and all sleep with the heads toward the east (which Buddhists consider the most auspicious direction) and staircases must not face west (the least auspicious direction [the direction of death and evil spirits]) |
| Form of housing and environment | Form related to environment/social conditions= Pitched roof important in wet/snowy climates to facilitate runoff and reduce weight of accumulated snow= Windows may face south in temperate climates to take advantage of Sun's heat and light= In hot climates window openings may be smaller to protect interior from full heat of Sun |
| Even in areas that share similar climates and available building materials, folk housing can vary because of... | Minor differences in environmental features |
| R. W. McColl | Compared house types in 4 villages situated in the dry lands of northern and western China= All use similar building materials [including adobe and timber from the desert poplar tree] and they share a similar objective: Protection from extreme temperatures (hot and cold)= However, the houses in these 4 Chinese villages have individual designs= Houses have second floor open air patios in Kashgar, small open courtyards in Turpan, large private courtyards in Yinchuan, and sloped roofs in Dunhuang= McColl attributed differences to local cultural preferences |
| Older Houses in US | Display local folk-culture traditions= When families migrated westward in 1700/1800s they cut tress to clear fields for planting and used the wood to build houses, barns, and fences= Style of pioneer homes reflected whatever upscale style was prevailing at the place on the East Coast from which they migrated= However, houses built in US recently display popular culture influences |
| 3 major hearths/nodes of folk house forms in US | (Identified by Fred Kniffen) New England, Middle Atlantic, Lower Chesapeake |
| Migrants carried house types from New England... | Northward to upper New England and westward across the southern Great Lakes region |
| Migrants carried house types from the Middle Atlantic... | Westward across the Ohio Valley and southwestward along the Appalachian trails |
| Migrants carried house types from the Lower Chesapeake... | Southward along the Atlantic Coast |
| New England: House Style/Type and where it can be found | Had 4 major house types (during 18th-19th century)= When migrated westward, took house type with them= New England house type can be found throughout Great Lakes region as far west as Wisconsin since this area was settled mainly by migrants from New England= As house style preferred by New Englanders changed over time, predominant form found on the landscape varies based on the date of initial settlement |
| I-House | Was the name of the major house type in the Middle Atlantic region= Typically was 2 stories high with gables to the sides= Resembled letter I (was only 1 room deep and at least 2 rooms wide)= Became most extensive style of construction in much of eastern half of US (especially in Ohio Valley and Appalachia)= Settlers built "I-Houses" in much of Midwest because most of them had migrated from Middle Atlantic region |
| Tidewater Style | Was the Lower Chesapeake's style of house= Was 1 story with steep roof and chimneys at either end= They spread from Chesapeake Bay (Tidewater, Virginia) area along southeast coast= Form of housing that evolved along southeast coast was only 1 room deep (just like "I-House")= In wet areas, houses in the coastal southeast were often raised on piers or on a brick foundation |
| Present Style of House in US | Style distinctions are hard to observe= Style of housing does not display same degree of regional distinctiveness because rapid communication/transportation systems provide people throughout country with knowledge of alternative styles= Also, most don't build the houses in which they live (houses are usually mass produced by construction companies) |
| Popular Culture= Characteristics and similarities/differences with folk culture | Popular culture varies more in time than in place= May originate in 1 location within context of a particular society/environment (like folk culture)= Unlike folk culture, it diffuses rapidly across Earth to locations with a variety of physical conditions |
| Rapid diffusion of popular culture depends on... | A group of people having a high level of economic development to acquire the material possessions associated with popular culture |
| Regional differences in today's world | Some regional diff. in food/clothing/shelter exist in MDCs but are much less than in past |
| Housing built in US since 1940s demonstrates what? What is the purpose of the newer houses built in US recently? | Demonstrates how popular customs vary more in time than in place= Newer housing in US has been built to Reflect rapidly changing fashion concerning the most suitable house form |
| Houses show what about popular customs/taste? | Show the influence of shapes/materials/detailing/other features of architectural style that is in at any one point in time |
| Main housing style in years immediately after WWII | Most US houses were built in a Modern Style= Different modern-style houses were popular at different times |
| Main housing style since the 1960s | Styles that architects cal Neo-Eclectic have predominated |
| Modern House Style: 1940s to 1950s | Dominant type was called "Minimal Traditional"= Was similar to "Tudor-Style" houses popular in 1920 and 1930s |
| Minimal Traditional Houses | Usually 1 story with dominant front gable and few decorative details= Were small/modest houses meant to house young families and veterans returning from WWII |
| Modern House Style: 1950s to 1960s | "Ranch House" replaced minimal traditional as dominant style |
| Ranch House | Was 1 story with the long side parallel to the street= All rooms were on 1 level rather than 2 or 3 and so the house took up a larger lot and encouraged the creation of urban areas |
| Modern House Style: 1950s to 1970s | "Split-Level House" was popular variant of the Ranch House |
| Split Level House | Lower level contained the garage and the newly invented "family" room (where the television set was placed)= Kitchen and formal living/dining rooms were placed on the intermediate level= Bedrooms were on top level above the family room and garage |
| Modern House Style: 1950s to 1970s | "Contemporary Style" was a very popular choice for architect-designed houses |
| Contemporary Style House | Had a flat or low-pitched roof |
| Modern House Style: 1960s | "Shed Style" was popular in the late 1960s |
| Shed Style House | Had a high-pitched shed roof that gave the house the appearance of a series of geometric forms |
| House Style since 1960 | "Neo-Eclectic" styles became popular and by 1970s surpassed modern styles in "what was in style" |
| Mansard Style House | (Type of Neo-Eclectic Style) Was 1st popular neo-eclectic style= The 2nd story walls were covered with shingles and sloped slightly inward and merged into the roofline |
| Neo-Tudor Style House | (Type of Neo-Eclectic Style) Popular in 1970s= Characterized by dominant/steep-pitched front facing gables and half-timbered detailing |
| Neo-French Style House | (Type of Neo-Eclectic Style) Appeared in early 1970s and was most fashionable style for new houses by the early 1980s= Featured dormer windows (that usually had rounded tops) and high-hipped roofs |
| Neo-Colonial Style House | (Type of Neo-Eclectic Style) Was an adaptation of English colonial houses= Has been continuously popular since 1950s but NEVER dominant= Inside neo-eclectic houses, a large central "Great Room" has replaced separate family and living rooms (which were located in different wings/floors of ranch and split-level houses) |
| What do individual clothing habits reveal? | How popular culture can be distributed across the landscape with little regard for distinctive physical features= The habits also reflect availability of income, as well as social forms (such as job characteristics) |
| What do clothing habits in the MDCs of North America and Western Europe reflect? | Occupations rather than particular environments (EX: lawyer/business executive tends to wear dark suit, light shirt or blouse, and necktie or scarf while a factory worker wears jeans and a work shirt) |
| In what way is higher income an influence on clothing in MDCs? | Women's clothes change in fashion very often= Color/shape/design of dresses change to imitate pieces created by clothing designers= For social purposes, people with sufficient income may update their wardrobe frequently with the latest fashions |
| Improved communication's affect on clothing styles | Have permitted rapid diffusion of clothing styles globally= In past, a year could pass from the time an original dress was displayed to time that inexpensive reproductions were available in stores= Now the time lag is less than 6 weeks because of diffusion of fax machines, computers, and satellites (sketches/patterns/specifications are sent instantly from European fashion centers to American corporate headquarters and then on to Asian factories) |
| Original designs for women's dresses are made... | Original designs for women's dresses (made in Paris, Milan, London, New York) are reproduced in large quantities at factories in Asia and sold for relatively low prices in North American and European chain stores |
| Why/what is essential in manufacturing copies of designer dresses? | Speed because fashion tastes change quickly |
| The globalization of clothing styles has involved what? | Increasing awareness by North Americans and Europeans of the variety of folk costumes around the world= Increased travel and diffusion of TV have exposed people in MDCs to other forms of dress and visa versa (EX: Poncho from South America; Dashiki of the Yoruba people of Nigeria; Aleut parka have all been adopted by people elsewhere in the world) |
| Why might the continued use of folk costumes in some parts of the globe persist? | Not because of distinctive environmental conditions/traditional cultural values but to preserve past memories/attract tourists |
| Jeans | Symbol of diffusion of Western popular culture= Are prized possession for young people around world= Acquired an image of youthful independence in the US (in late 1960s) as young people adopted a style of clothing previously associated with low-status manual laborers and farmers |
| Availability of Jeans | Locally made denim trousers are available throughout Europe and Asia for under $10= "Genuine" jeans made by Levi Strauss ($50-$100) are preferred as a status symbol= Many 2nd-hand Levis are sold in Asia (especially in Japan and Thailand) with most priced between $100 to $1000 |
| Describe how local variation persists even in the face of the globalization of popular culture | Asians prefer Levi's 501 model with a button fly rather than a zipper= Within US the button fly is more common on the West Coast while easterners prefer the zipper fly because it doesn't let in cold air |
| Jeans: Soviet Union | Were an obsession and status symbol among youth= Jeans were brought into the Soviet Union by the elite which were essentially those who were allowed to travel to the West (these people obtained scarce products in the West and resold them inside the Soviet Union for a good profit) |
| In what way did the scarcity of high-quality jeans one of many consumer problems that encouraged dismantling of Communist governments in Eastern Europe? | Eastern Europeans were aware of Western fashions/products (because of tv) but could not obtain them since government-controlled industries were inefficient and geared to producing tanks and not consumer-oriented goods |
| Jeans and present day Russia | Jeans can now be imported freely there= Access to these products is now limited by lack of $ an not government regulation |
| As access to Levi's increased around the world... | American consumers turned away from the brand |
| Popular culture flourishes where... | People in a society have sufficient income to get the tangible elements of popular culture and the leisure time to make use of them |
| People in a country with a more developed economy are likely to have.. | The tiime, income, and inclination to facilitate greater adoption of popular culture |
| What are characteristic of the food customs of popular societies? | Consumption of large amounts of alcoholic beverages and snack foods= Still, amounts of alcohol and snacks consumed (as well as types) vary by region within MDCs like the US |
| Why do Americans choose particular beverages/snacks? | On basis of preference for what is produced/grown/imported locally |
| Bourbon consumption in US | Concentrated in Upper South (where most is produced) |
| Rum consumption in US | Concentrated on East Coast (where it arrives from Caribbean) |
| Canadian Whiskey consumption in US | Preferred in communities near/close to Canada |
| Southerners prefer what type of snack food? Why? | Pork Rinds because more hogs are raised there |
| Northerners prefer what type of snack food? Why? | Popcorn and potato chips because more corn and potatoes are grown there |
| What also affects the amount/types of alcohol and snack foods consumed? | Cultural backgrounds |
| Alcohol consumption relates partially to... | Religious backgrounds and partially to income and advertising |
| What area(s) in US have low alcohol consumption rates? Why? | Baptists and Mormons drink less than do other religious members= Because Baptists are concentrated in Southeast and Mormons in utah, these regions have low consumption rates |
| What area(s) in US have high alcohol consumption rates? Why? | Nevada because of concentration of gambling and other resort activities there |
| Who prefers tortilla chips? Why? | Texans because of large # of Hispanic Americans there |
| Who prefers multigrain chips? Why? | Westerners because of greater concern for the nutritional content of snack foods |
| Consumption of alcohol and snack foods is part of popular culture primarily dependent on what 2 factors? | High income and national advertising |
| What does the spatial distribution of wine production show? | That environment plays a role in distribution of popular and folk food customs |
| The distinctive character of wine derives from... | A unique combo of soil, climate, and other physical characteristics at the place where the grapes are grown |
| Vineyards are best cultivated in... | Temperate climates of moderately cold/rainy winters and fairly long/hot summers= Hot/sunny weather is necessary in summer for fruit to mature properly while winter is preferred season for rain since plant diseases that cause the fruit to rot are more active in hot/humid weather |
| If possible, where are vineyards planted? Why? | On hillsides to maximize exposure to sunlight and to facilitate drainage= Site near lake or river is also desirable because water can offset extremes of temperature |
| What type of soil produces the best grapes for wine? | Although grapes can be grown in many soilis, the best wine is produced from grapes grown in soil that is coarse and well drained (a soil not necessarily fertile for other crops)= The soil is generally sandy/gravelly in Bordeauz wine region, chalky in Champagne country, and of a slate composition in the Moselle Valley |
| Trace elements | Elements (such as boron, manganese, and zinc) in the rock or soil that add to distinct character of each regions wine= In large quantities, the elements can destroy the plants but in small quantities they lend a unique taste to the grapes |
| The world's finest wines are frequently identified by... | Their place of origin (wines may be labeled with the region, town, district, or specific estate)= A wine expert can tell a wine's origin just by tasting because of unique taste imparted to grapes by the specific soil composition of each estate= Finer wines also have the year of the harvest because specific weather conditions each year affect the quality/quantity of the harvest= Wines can also be identified by the variety of grape used rather than the location of the vineyard |
| Less expensive wines might contain... | A blend of grapes from many estates and years |
| Wine distribution is based on what? | Alhtough grapes can be grown in many locations, distribution is based on cultural values (both historical and contemporary) |
| Wine is made today mainly in areas... | That have a tradition of excellence in wine making it and people who like to drink it and can afford to purchase it |
| Vineyards are now owned by... | Private individuals/corporations rather than religious organizations |
| Where is wine production discouraged? Why? | Regions of world dominated by religions other than Christianity= Hindus and Muslims in particular avoid alcoholic beverages= Thus wine production is limited in Middle East (other than Israel) and southern Asia because of cultural values (especially religion) |
| Distribution of wine production shows that the diffusion of popular customs depends... | Less on the distinctive environment of a location than on presence of beliefs/institutions/material traits conducive to accepting those customs |
| Why is watching TV an important popular custom? | Is most popular leisure activity in all MDCs and TV is most important mechanism by which knowledge of popular culture (such as professional sports) is rapidly diffused across Earth |
| Diffusion of TV | US first had monopoly but later diffused to Europe and other MDCs and then to LDCs= US public first saw TV in 1930s but diffusion was blocked for a while when broadcasting was curtailed/suspended entirely during WWII |
| When did international differences in TV ownership diminish? | In 1970, US still had many more TV sets per capita than any other country except Canada= Differences decreased by end of 20th century (has not completely disappeared) |
| Diffusion of Internet service | Follows pattern established by TV but at a much quicker pace= Internet usage increased rapidly in US between 1995 and 2000 but increase was greater in rest of world= Internet diffused rapidly and US's share declined rapidly (Internet is still diffusing in US but at more modest rate and so share of the world's Internet users found in US is continuing to decline [now at 21%]) |
| Internet diffusion among LDCs | Among LDCs, Latin America and Asia are likely to expand Internet hosts more rapidly than Africa |
| TV vs. Internet: Diffusion | Diffusion of TV from US to world took a half-century= Diffusion of Internet has taken only a decade (internet diffused quicker than TV) |
| TV Stations in US: Ownership, Operations, Profit | TV stations owned by private corporations (get licenses from gov. to operate at specific frequencies [channels])= Company makes profit by selling air time for advertisements= Some states are owned by local governments/other nonprofit organizations and are devoted to educational/noncommercial programs |
| Describe US pattern of private commercial stations in terms of the patterns of the rest of the world | US pattern is found in other Western Hemisphere countries but is rare elsewhere= Broadcasting, in almost all MDCs other than US, is provided entirely or in part by a public corporation or by a public-private partnership |
| CBC vs. BBC and NHK | The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) gets gov. grants= British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and Japan's Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK) are funded through license fees paid by owners of TV sets= Independence from gov. interference is guaranteed in their charters= Commercial channels co-exist with public channels in many of these countries |
| TV management in LDCs | Typically government agency has direct management of TV (including China and India as well as many other countries in Africa and Asia) |
| Why do governments control TV stations? | To minimize likelihood that programs hostile to current policies will be broadcast (i.e. they are censored)= Was common in Communist countries in Eastern Europe |
| How did many governments in the past view TV? | Seen as important toll for fostering cultural integration= TV could extol the exploits of the leaders or the accomplishments of the political system= People turned on TV and watched what gov. wanted them to see= Few people could get TV broadcasts from other countries because TV signals weaken with distance are are strong up to 60 miles |
| George Orwell's "1984" | Written in 1949 thought TV would play major role in ability of totalitarian gov. to control people's daily lives |
| Recently, changing technology has made TV a force of... | Changing technology (especially diffusion of small satellite dishes) has made TV a force for political change rather than stability |
| Satellite Dishes | Allow people to choose from wide variety of programs produced in other countries not just the local government-controlled station |
| Satellite Dishes in Asia | Many Asian governments have tried to prevent consumers from getting satellite dishes= Chinese government banned private ownership of satellite dishes by its citizens (although foreigners/upscale hotels are allowed to keep them)= Singapore gov. banned ownership of satellites but encourages satellite services including MTV and HBO to locate their Asian headquarters in the country= Governments have had little success in banning satellites (despite fines/etc. many smuggle and share/hide it with neighbors) |
| Recently, Eastern European countries have tuned some of their channels to... | Foreign broadcasters like CNN and MTV because many don't trust accuracy of locally produced TV programs |
| What 2 problems may potentially be created due to the international diffusion of popular culture? | The diffusion of popular culture may threaten survival of traditional folk culture in many countries= Popular culture may be less responsive to diversity of local environments and may thus generate adverse environmental impacts |
| Why do many fear the loss of folk culture in relation with economy/money? | Because rising incomes can fuel demand for the possessions typical of popular culture |
| When people turn from folk to popular culture, they... | May also turn away from the society's traditional values |
| The diffusion of popular culture from MDCs can lead to... | Dominance of Western perspectives |
| In what way is clothing an important example of the symbolic importance of folk culture? | In African and Asian countries, there is contrast between clothes of rural farmworkers and of urban business/government leaders |
| Adoption of a more developed society's types of clothing is part of a process of.. | Imitation and replication of foreign symbols of success= Adoption of clothing customs from MDCs has become symbol of authority/leadership at home= The Western business suit is accepted as uniform form business executives and bureaucrats around the world |
| Reactions/opinions of wearing clothes typical of MDCs in Middle Eastern Countries | Is controversial in some countries= Some political leaders in region choose to wear Western business suits as a sign that they are trying to make closer links with US and Western European countries= Fundamentalist Muslims oppose widespread adoption of Western clothes (especially by women living in cities) as well as other social customs/attitudes typical of MDCs (women are urged to abandon skirts/blouses in favor of the traditional black chador [a combination head covering and veil]) |
| Affect of global diffusion of popular culture on women | Threatens subservience of women to men that is embedded in many folk customs= Women traditionally were meant to perform household chores (e.g. cooking, etc.) and to bearing and raising large numbers of children= Women who worked outside of home were likely to be obtaining food for the family (either through agricultural work or by trading handicrafts) |
| Women under the Taliban regime in Afghanistan during 1990s | Treated very harshly= Not allowed to attend school, work outside home, seek health care, drive a car= Allowed to leave home only if fully covered by clothing and escorted by a male relative= A woman behaving like a westerner in public (e.g. showing her face, etc.) could be beaten or shot |
| Advancement of women was limited by what? | Low levels of education and high rates of victimization from violence (often from husbands) |
| MDCs' reactions to concepts of legal equality for women | Concepts of legal equality and availability of economic/social opportunities outside the home for women have been widely accepted in MDCs even where women in reality continue to suffer from discriminatory practices |
| Contact with popular culture and it's affect on women in LDCs | Has brought negative impacts such as increase in prostitution |
| Prostitution in LDCs | Many men from MDCs (such as Japan and Northern [especially Norway, Germany, Netherlands]) buy tours from travel agencies that include airfare, hotels, and use of a predetermined number of women= Are known as "sex tours"= International prostitution is encouraged in these countries as a major source of foreign aid |
| Popular culture, through specific interaction (like prostitution/"sex tours"), may regard women as... | Essentially equal at home but as objects that money can buy in foreign folk societies |
| LDCs feelings toward popular culture | Fear incursion of popular culture= Some leaders consider dominance of popular customs by MDCs as threat to their independence (threat posed mainly by media [especially news-gathering organizations and TV]) |
| What 3 MDCs dominate TV industry in LDCs? | US, United kingdom, and Japan= These 3 countries are also the major exporters of programs (even in Europe US has been source of imports of 2/3 of entertainment programs) |
| Japanese: Where/what LDCs do they operate in? | Operate mainly in South Asia and East Asia selling their electronic equipment |
| British: Where/what LDCs do they operate in? | British companies have invested directly in management and programming for TV in Africa |
| US: Where/what LDCs do they operate in? | US corporations own or provide technical advice to many Latin American stations |
| How do leaders of many LDCs view spread of TV? | New method of economic/cultural imperialism on the part of the MDCs (especially the US)= American TV, like other media, presents American beliefs/social forms (like upward social mobility, etc.)= These themes may conflict with and drive out traditional social customs |
| What do many satellite broadcasters in Asia do to avoid offending traditional values? | Dont carry MTV or else allow gov. to censor unacceptable videos (EX: Cartoons featuring Porky Pig may be banned in Muslim countries where people avoid pork products)= Entertainment programs instead emphasize family values and avoid controversial cultural/economic/political issues |
| LDCs fear what more than what in terms of the media? | Fear effects of the news-gathering capability of the media more than their entertainment function |
| Associated Press (AP) and Reuters | Dominate the diffusion of information to newspapers around the world= Are owned by American and British companies= Supply most of the world's TV news video |
| Describe process/characteristics/result of gathering news worldwide | Is expensive process and thus most newspapers/broadcasters are unable to afford their own correspondents= Thus buy the right to use the dispatches of one or more of the main news organizations |
| The AP | Transmits most news photos and provides radio stations around world with reports from its correspondents |
| News media in most LDCs are dominated by... | The government which typically runs the radio and TV service as well as domestic news-gathering agency= Newspapers may be owned by the government, a political party, or a private individual but, in any event, they are dependent on the government news-gathering organization for information= Sufficient funds are not availble to establish a private news service |
| African and Asian government officials' opinion of Western concept of freedom of press | Criticize the concept= Argue that American news organizations reflect American values and non't provide a balanced/accurate view of other countries |
| What types of stories do US news-gathering organizations like to cover? | More interested in covering earthquakes, hurricanes, or other sensational disasters than more meaningful but less visual/dramatic domestic stories |
| According to a study by the British Institute of Communications, TV newscasts throughout the world... | Spend the majority of time covering domestic stories |
| In many regions of the world, the only reliable/unbiased news accounts come from... | BBC World, Service shortwave radio newscasts, and satellite radio newscasts= Reliance on BBC newscasts is very strong in war zones |
| Popular culture is less likely than folk culture to be distributed with... | Consideration for physical features= Spatial organization of popular culture reflects the distribution of social and economic features |
| In a global economy and culture, what happens with popular culture? | Appears increasingly uniform |
| Popular culture and the environment | Popular culture can seriously modify/control environment= For many, environment is something to be modified to enhance participation in a leisure activity or to promote the sale of a product= Even if resulting built environment looks natural, it is actually the deliberate creation of people in pursuit of popular social customs |
| What caused surge in US golf popularity that spawned construction of 200 acres of course recently? | John Rooney attributes this to increased income/leisure time especially among recently retired old people and younger people with flexible working hours |
| Describe the distribution of golf cources | Is not uniform across US= Although thought a warm-weather sport, # of golf courses per person is greatest in north-central states (from Kansas to North Dakota) as well as the northeastern states touching the Great Lakes (from Wisconsin to upstate NY)= People in these regions have long tradition of playing golf and social clubs with golf courses are important institutions in the makeup of the regions' popular customs |
| Access to golf courses is more limited in... | The South, in California, and in the heavily urbanized Middle Atlantic region |
| Selected southern and western areas have high concentrations of golf courses due to... | The arrival of many golf-playing northerners either as vacationers or as permanent residents |
| Golf cources are designed partially in response to... | Local physical conditions= Grass species are chosen to thrive in local climate and still be suitable for the needs of greens/fairways/roughs= Existing trees and native vegetation are retained if possible= Still, golf courses remake the environment |
| Distribution of popular culture around the world tends to produce... | More uniform landscapes= Spatial expression of a popular custom in one area will be similar to another (promoters of popular culture actually want uniform appearance to generate "product recognition" and greater consumption) |
| Franchise | A company's agreement with businesspeople in a local area to market that company's product= The franchise agreement lets local outlet use the company's name/symbols/trademarks/etc. (is used by fast food restaurants)= These buildings are immediately recognizable |
| Success of Fast-Food Restaurants | Much of attraction comes from convenience of the good and the use of the buildings as low-cost socializing locations for ttens/families with young kids= Success also depends on large-scale mobility: people who travel or move to another city immediately recognize a familiar place= Originally made to attract people who arrived by car |
| Fast-Food Restaurants: Architecture | Were originally brightly colored to attract motorists= Recently built ones are more subdued with brick facades/etc.= To facilitate reuse of structure in case the restaurant fails, company signs are often free standing rather than integrated into the building design |
| Global Diffusion of Uniform Landscapes | Physical expression of uniformity in popular culture has diffused from North America to rest of world= The establishments appeal to North American travelers yet most customers are local residents who wish to sample American customs they have seen on TV= Diffusion of pop. culture across Earth is not confined to products that originate in North America (with better communications/transportation, customs from anywhere on Earth can quickly diffuse) |
| How can diffusion of some popular customs hurt the environmental quality? | Through depletion of scarce natural resources and pollution of landscape |
| Increased demand for some products can... | Strain capacity of the environment= For example, increased meat consumption has not caused extinction of cattle/poultry; we simply raise more (but animal consumption is inefficient way for people to get calories [90% less efficient that simply eating grain]) |
| Popular Culture and Pollution | Although environment can accept some levels of waste from human activities, the waste generated by popular culture is too much= Waste is discharged in all 3 forms (solid, liquid, gas) but the most visible is solid waste (these are often discharged rather than recycled) |
| When can folk culture hurt the environment? | When natural processes are ignored= Many believe that native people of Western Hemisphere practiced more "natural" ecologically sensitive agriculture before arrival of Columbus and other Europeans but in actuality their practices included burning grasslands/etc.= Very high rates of soil erosion have been documented in Central America from practice of folk culture |
