| A | B |
|---|
| Appeal/Ethos | Appeals to character or trust; suggests that the action or believ called for is the "right thing"; appeals to the audience's morals and senseof ethics |
| Appeal/Logos | appeals to the intellect; intended to show that a writer's opinion is based on sound reasons and evidence |
| Appeal/Pathos | appeals to feelings (positive or negative, to inspire or infuriate); acknowledges the audience's sympathies and believes; relates tht eissue/topic to the audience on a more personal level |
| Narration | enlightening through stories; an account of an acutal or fictional event or sequence of events; a story |
| Persuasive | Suggests a course of action; meant to influence the reader |
| Expository | inroms, explains, or clarifies, |
| Description | Creates a picture in the readers' minds; tapping the senses; |
| Modes of Discourse List | Exposition, Narration, Description, and Argument |
| Modes of Discourse | The method a writer uses to have a conversation wtih a particular reader or audience |
| Rhetorical strategies | The plan for achieving a specfic writing purpose |
| Rhetorical Techniques | Choices and HOW the author uses rhetorical devices |
| Rhetorical Strategies List | Example, Cause/Effect, Contrast/comparison, division/classification, process, description, narration, argument, definition |
| Rhetorical Techniques List | Diction, tone/attitude, syntax, organization, point of view |
| Rhetorical Devices | alliteration, allusion, analogy, antithesis, apostrophe, etc. |
| Comparison/contrast | highlighting similarities/differences |
| Cause/effect | explaining causes or consequences |
| Allusion | an unacknowledged reference or quote pertaining to something literary,mythological, or historical that the author assumes the reader will recognize and understand |
| Anaphora | the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines,sentences,phrases or paragraphs |
| Assonance | the repetition of vowel sounds in conjunction with dissimilar consonant sounds |
| Connotation | the association that a word calls to mind beyond the dictionary definition:the implied meaning of a word |
| Consonance | a special type of alliteration in which the repeated pattern of consonants is marked by changes in the intervening vowels |
| Denotation | the literal,exact,dictionary definition of a word independent of its emotional coloration or association |
| Enjambment | the continuation of the sense and grammatical construction of verse or couple onto the next line or couplet which occurs in run-on lines and offers contrast to end-stopped lines |
| Free Verse | poetry based on the natural rhythms of phrases and normal pauses rather than the artifical constraints of metrical feet |
| Imagery | the use of figures of speech to create vivid,concrete images that appeal to one or more of the senses |
| Juxtaposition | the arrangement of two or more ideas,characters,actions,settings,phrases or words side-by-side or in similar narrative moments for the purpose of comparison,contrast,rhetorical effect,suspense or character development |
| Metaphor | a comparison or analogy stated in such a way as to imply that one object is another one, figuratively speaking |
| Simile | a comparison of two things using " like", "as" or other specifically comparative words |
| Allegory | a literary work in which characters,objects, or actions represent abstractions: mythological or historical that the author assumes the reader will recognize and understand |
| Conceit | a fanciful,particularly clever extended metaphor;an elaborate surprising figure of speech comparing two very dissimilar things which involves intellectual cleverness and ingenunity |
| synecdoche | a form of metonymy which uses one part of an object to represent the entire object(referring to a car as "wheels" or saying "All hands on deck!" |
| Metonymy | a figure of speech characterized by the substitution of a term naming an object closely associated with the word in mind for the word itself(the king as the crown;"the pen" (writing) is mightier than the sword (war/fighting)" |
| Personification | a trope in which abstractions,animals,ideas, and inanimate objects are given human character,traits,abilities, or reactions |
| apostrophe | figure of speech in which one directly addresses and absent,imagineary or dead person or some abstraction |
| onomatopoeia | a word formed from the imitation of natural sounds |
| Parallelism | the use of corresponding grammatical or syntactical forms as well as similar length |
| Point of view | the vantage point from which a story is told |
| Repetition | the return of a word,phrase,stanza form, or effect in any form of literature; an effective literacy device that may bring comfort,suggest order, or add special meaning to a piece of literature |
| tone | the attitude of a writer, usually implied toward the subject or audience |
| example | to explain your subject with instances that show readers its nature or character |
| process analysis | to inform readers how to do something or how something works |
| division or analysis | to explain a conclusion about your subject by showing readers the subject's parts or elements |
| classification | to help readers see order in your subject by understanding the kinds or groups it can be scored into |
| cause and effect | to tell readers the meaning of your subject-its boundaries and its distinctions from other subjects |
| definition | to show readers the meaning of your subject-its boundaries and its distinctions from other subjects |
| argument and persuasion | to have readers consider your opinion about your subject or your proposal for it |
| SPAM | situation, purpose, audience, method |
| situation | What was the impetus (motivation or stimulus) for the author to write? What is the context of the piece? |
| purpose | Why did the author write the piece? What does he/she want you the reader to learn, understand, remember, feel or think as a result of the piece? |
| audience | Who was the piece written for? Who was the author trying to reach? |
| method | How does the author construct the piece to convey his/her purpose? What elements of style do you see? Structure, Word choice, organization, etc. |
| metaphor | a comparison or analogy stated in such a way as to imply that one object is another one, figuratively speaking |
| simile | a comparison of two things using "like", "as", or other specifically comparative words |
| process | A writer uses a sequence of actions that leads to a particular result. |
