| A | B |
|---|
| Earth's heterogenous collection of languages is an example of what? | Clear example of cultural diversity |
| Ethnologue | (One of most authoritative sources of languages) estimates world has 7,299 languages= Only 10 (including English) are spoken by 100 million people= Several are familiar to North Americans (Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, German) and others less familiar (Mandarin, Hindi, Bengali, Arabic, Japanese)= 100 languages are spoken by 5 million people (including 10 biggest ones)= 70 spoken between 2 million and 5 million people= Remaining 6,000 or more are spoken by fewer than 2 million people |
| Language | System of communication through speech= Collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning |
| Literary Tradition | A system of written communication= Many spoken languages lack this |
| What makes it hard to document distribution of many languages? | Lack of written record |
| Official Language | The language used by the government for laws, reports, and public objects (i.e. road signs, money, stamps)= Understood by most/all of the country's citizens |
| Countries with 2 or more official languages | May require all public documents to be in all languages |
| Official Language of countries that were once British colonies | Some designate English as official language even though few of their citizens speak it |
| Language is apart of what? | Culture, which has 2 main meanings: people's values and their tangible artifacts |
| 3 traits that best distinguish cultural values | Language, religion, ethnicity |
| What is communicated through language | Cultural values (such as religion and ethnicity) |
| Current distribution of language around world results largely from | Past migrations= Language is like luggage (is carried the people when they move, they incorporate new words into own language when reach new place, contribute words brought with them to language at new location)) |
| Geographers look at the similarities among languages to... | Understand the diffusion/interaction of people around the world |
| Why has English achieved unprecedented globalization? Result | People around world learning it to participate in global economy/culture= However, people also trying to preserve local diversity in language |
| Why do people try to preserve local diversity in language | Language is one of basic elements of cultural identity and a major feature of a region's uniqueness= Language is source of pride and a symbol of unity |
| As culture develops, language... | is both a cause and consequence of the development |
| Cause of global distribution of languages | Due to interaction and isolation |
| People in 2 locations speak same language because... | Of migration from 1 of locations to another |
| If 2 groups have few connections with each other after they migrate... | Language spoken by each will begin to differ= After long time without contact, languages will be so diff. that they are 2 separate languages |
| Regions of individual languages and entire language families are explained by... | Interplay between interaction and isolation= Difference is that individual languages emerged recently as result of historically documented events while language families emerged long time ago before recorded history |
| Development of English | Developed as distinct language in England as result of migration and following isolation of Germans and Normans |
| Development of individual Romance Languages | Developed as result of migration and isolation of Romans to other parts of Europe |
| Development of Indo-European language family | Developed due to migration and following isolation of people and can only be reconstructed through theories |
| Language: Origin and diffusion | Originates at particular place and diffuses to other places through migration of its speakers |
| English | Spoken fluently more than any other language except for Mandarin= Is an official language in 50 countries (more than any other language)= 1/3 of world (2 billion people) live in a country where English is an official language even if they can't speak it= Is an official language in most of former British colonies |
| Speakers of Mandarin | Clustered in 1 country (China) |
| Speakers of English | Distributed around world |
| Cause of present distribution of English speakers | People of England migrated with their language when founded |
| Diffusion of English | 1st diffused west from England to North America (since 1st English colonies were in North America)= After England defeated France in battle to control Norther America, English was assured as principal language of North America= Also, British took control of other colonies and English became an official language (even if few could speak it)= Recently, US responsible for diffusing English to Philippines (official languages are Filipino [Tagalog] and English) |
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