| A | B |
|---|
| Human Geography | Study of where and why human activities are located where they are= Are concerned with the uneven impact of destruction |
| Physical Geography | Studies where and why natural forces occur as they do |
| Map | 2 dimensional/flat-scale model of Earth's surface or a portion of it (the map is a geographers most important tool) |
| "Why" Question (unique) | Why each place on Earth is in some way unique (Each place is unique due to place and region) |
| Place | A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic (every place on earth occupies a unique location) |
| Region | Area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features (Cultural features, beliefs, etc.) |
| "Why Question (similar) | Why do different places on Earth have similar features (answered using scale, space, and connections) |
| Scale | Relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole |
| Space | Physical gap or interval between 2 objects |
| Connections | Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space |
| What is the geographer's most important tool for spatially thinking? | Map |
| Cartography | Perfecting the science of mapmaking (must keep in mind scale and projection) |
| Purposes of a map | Tool for storing reference material (i.e. locating things) and a tool for communicating geographic information (reasons for/causes of a distribution of things) |
| Why are a series of maps helpful? | May show patterns in a specific area (patterns on maps may suggest interactions among different features of Earth) |
| Earliest surviving maps | Made by Babylonians on clay tablets about 2300 BC |
| Miletus | (A port in present-day Turkey) Became a center for geographic thought and mapmaking in the ancient world |
| Thales | Applied principles of geometry to measure land area |
| Anaximander | (Student of Thales) Made a world map based on information from sailors, though he portrayed Earth's shape as a cylinder |
| Hecateus | May have produced the 1st geography book around 500 BC |
| Aristotle | First to demonstrate that Earth was spherical= Observed that matter falls together toward a common center, that Earth's shadow on the Moon is circular during an eclipse, and that the visible groups of stars change as one travels north or south |
| Eratosthenes | First person of record to use the word geography and also accepted that Earth was spherical and calculated its circumference within 0.5% accuracy= Prepared one of the earliest maps of the known world and correctly divided Earth into 5 climatic regions |
| What are the 5 climatic regions? | 1 torrid zone across the middle, 2 frigid zones at the extreme north and south, and 2 temperate bands in between |
| Greek Ptolemy | Wrote an 8 volume Guide to Geography |
| Age of Exploration and Discovery | When revival of geography and mapmaking occured |
| Cartographer's 1st decision when making a map? | How much of Earth's surface to depict on the map (if trying to show entire world, wont have much detail, while if only trying to show small part, can have much detail)= Level of detail depends on scale |
| Scale | The relationship of a feature's size on a map to its actual size on Earth |
| Fraction Scale | Shows the numerical ration between distances on the map and Earth's surface (scale of 1:24,000 or 1/24,000 means that one unit [inch, etc.] on the map represents 24,000 of the same unit [inch, etc.] on the ground)= Units must be the same on map and ground (otherwise, can be any) |
| What do the numbers mean in a ratio: 1/# | 1 on left side of ratio always refers to a unit of distance ON THE MAP, and the number on the right always refers to the SAME UNIT of distance ON EARTH'S SURFACE |
| Written Scale | Describes relation between map and Earth distances in words (EX: 1 inch equals 1 mile on a map means that 1 inch on the map represents 1 mile on Earth's surface) |
| Geographic Scale | Consists of a bar line marked to show distance on Earth's surface= To use bar line, first determine with a ruler the distance on the map in inches or centimeters; then hold ruler against bar line and read number on bar line opposite the map distance on the ruler= Number on the bar line is the equivalent distance on Earth's surface |
| Small Scale Map | (Objects on map appear small [view is zoomed out]) Map showing much land but little detail |
| Large Scale Map | (Objects on map appear larger [view is zoomed in]) Map provides much detail about a small area |
| Projection | The scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's spherical surface to a flat map (results in distortion of information [especially for maps showing the whole world]) |
| 4 types of Distortion | SHAPE of an area can be distorted (so that it appears more elongated/squat than in reality), the DISTANCE between 2 points may become increased/decreased, the RELATIVE SIZE of different areas may be altered (so that 1 area might appear larger than another on a map but in reality is smaller), the DIRECTION from one place to another can be distorted |
| What are most maps? | Equal Area Projections= Benefit is that the relative sizes of the landmasses on the map are the same as in reality= Projection minimizes distortion in the shapes of most land-masses, although areas toward the North and South poles become more distorted (but because they are hardly inhabited, it is ok) |
| Distortions of Equal Area Projections | Eastern and Western hemispheres are separated into 2 pieces (= interruption), the meridians (vertical lines) whcih in reality converge at the North and South poles do not converge at all on the map (and they also don't form right angles with the parallels [horizontal lines]) |
| Horizontal Lines | Parallels |
| Vertical Lines | Meridians |
| Robinson Projection | Useful for displaying information across the oceans but its disadvantage is that by allocating space to the oceans, the land areas are much smaller than on interrupted maps of the same size |
| Mercator Projection | Advantages: shape is distorted very little, direction is consistent, map is rectangular; Disadvantages: area is grossly distorted toward the poles (making high latitude places look much larger than in reality) |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | Divided much of the country into a system of townships and ranges to facilitate the sale of land to settlers in the West (initially surveyed by Thomas Hutchins and later the Surveyor General) |
| Township | Square 6 miles on each side= Each township has a number corresponding to its distance north or south of a particular base line= Each has a second number called the range= Divided into 36 sections |
| Principal Meridians | North-south lines that separate townships |
| Base Lines | East-west lines that separate townships |
| T1N | (Township 1 North) Townships in the first row north of a baseline |
| Range | Corresponds to a township's location east or west of a principal meridan |
| R1E | (Range 1 East) Townships in the 1st column east of a principal meridan |
| Sections | Each township is divided into 36 sections= Each is 1 mile by 1 mile= Are numbered in a consistent order (from 1 in the northeast to 36 in the southeast)= Each section is divided into 4 quarter-sections |
| Quarter Sections | Each Section is divided into 4 quarter sections (designated as the northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest quarters of a particular section) Is 0.5 mile by 0.5 mile, or 160 acres |
| Remote Sensing | Acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods= These satellites scan Earth's surface (like how a TV camera scans an image in the thin lines you see on the screen)= Images are transmitted in digital form to a receiving station on earth= Primarily used for environmental purposes |
| GIS | (Geographic Information System) Computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data= Key to GIS is Geocoding |
| Geocoding | (Key to GIS) Position of any object on Earth can be measured and recorded with mathematical precision and then stored in a computer= Maps can be created by asking the computer to retrieve a number of stored objects and combine them to form an image= Very accurate (but humans must find/correct any mistakes)= All information for the map can be saved as layers |
| Why are layers helpful? | They can be compared to show relationships among different kinds of information (computers do the work quickly and with much more detail) |
| Pixel | At any moment a satellite sensor records the image of a tiny area called a picture element (a.k.a. pixel) |
| What are maps created by remote sensing? | Essentially a grid containing many rows of pixels= The smallest feature on Earth's surface that can be detected by a sensor is the resolution of the scanner |
| Why are geographers interested in remote sensing? | To map the distribution of urban sprawl and agricultural practices |
| GPS | (Global Position System) System that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth= GPS system in use in the US includes 2 dozen satellites placed in predetermined orbits (a series of tracking stations to monitor and control the satellites and receivers that compute position, velocity, and time from the satellite signals) |
| Why do geographers like GPS? | Useful in coding the precise location of objects= Information can later be entered as a layer in a GIS |
| Place | Unique location of a feature= Humans a strongly attached to this idea |
| Regions | Areas of unique characteristics |
| How are Place and Region different? | Matter of scale= Place is a point while a region is an area |
| Location | (Identified to describe a feature's place on Earth) The Position that something occupies on Earth's surface |
| 4 Ways To Identify Location | Place name, site, situation, mathematical location |
| Toponym | Name given to a place on Earth (easiest way to describe a particular location)= Place name may be named after anything and can also change/be changed (due to racist meanings, political purposes, etc.) |
| Board of Geographical Names | (Operated by US Geological Survey) Established to be final arbiter of names on US maps |
| Site | Physical character of a place (that is used to describe the location of a place)= Site characteristics include climate, water sources, topography, soil, latitude, etc.= Important in selecting places to live, work, etc. |
| What gives each place a distinctive character? | Combination of physical features |
| What is the "best" site? | Islands because they have both hilltops and riverside locations (thus defense and transportation) |
| Situation | Location of a place relative to other places (valuable way to indicate location) |
| Why is situation a good way to indicate location? | Finding an unfamiliar place and understanding its importance |
| How does situation help us find an unfamiliar place? | By comparing its location with a familiar one(s) |
| How does situation help us understand the importance of a location? | Many locations are important because they are accessible to other places |
| How can you precisely describe the location of any place on Earth's surface? | Meridians and parallels (2 sets of imaginary arcs drawn in a grid pattern on Earth's surface) |
| Meridian | Arc drawn between the North and South Poles |
| Parallel | Circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians |
| Longitude | Numbering system that allows us to identify the location of each meridian= Important in calculating time= Earth as a sphere is divided into 360º longitude |
| Prime Meridian | Meridian that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, is 0º longitude (meridian on the opposite side of the globe from the prime meridian is 180ª longitude) |
| Measures of Meridians (other than Prime Meridian) | Between 0º and 180º east or west (depending if they are either east or west o the prime meridian) |
| How is longitude important in calculating time? | Earth makes a complete rotation every 24 hours and as a sphere is divided into 360º of longitude= Traveling 15º east or west is the equivalent of traveling to a place that is 1 hour earlier or later than the starting point (360 divided by 24 hours equals 15º) |
| Latitude | Numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel (0º-90º) |
| Equator | 0º Latitude= Is the parallel with the largest circumference and is the place where every day has 12 hours of daylight |
| North Pole | 90º north latitude |
| South Pole | 90º south latitude |
| How do you make the mathematical location of a place more precise? | Dividing each degree into 60 minutes (') and each minute into 60 seconds (") |
| X-Degrees= X-Minutes= X-Seconds | 1º=60'=3600" |
| X-Minutes= X-Second | 1'=60" |
| How are latitudes scientifically derived? | Derived by Earth's shape and its rotation around the Sun (i.e. length of day and the position of the Sun and stars gives you latitude) |
| 0º Longitude | (A human creation) Any meridian could have been selected as 0º longitude because all have the same length and all run between the poles= Runs through Greenwich, England (because England was world's most powerful country when longitude was made) |
| What was so troubling with longitude? Who solved the problem? | Inability to measure longitude was greatest problem for exploration= John harrison built the first portable clock |
| How did the portable clock solve the problem of longitude? | When the Sun was directly overhead of the ship (noon local time), the clock was set to Greenwich time and could be examined= If the clock said 2pm in Greenwich, then the ship was at 30º west longitude (because each hour of difference was equivalent to traveling 15º longitude |
| How is spherical earth divided into 360º of longitude? | Degrees from 0º to 180º west longitude plus the degrees from 0º to 180º east longitude |
| How many time zones are there? | 24 time zones= Know this because if we let every 15º of longitude represent 1 time zone and divide the 360º by 15º, we get 24 |
| GMT or UT | ("Greenwich Mean Time" or "Universal Time") Internal agreement designated the time at the prime meridian (0º longitude)= Is master reference time for all points on Earth |
| How do you change you clocks as you travel eastward from the prime meridian? | (Earth rotates eastward, so places to east of you go under sun earlier than you do) You are catching up with the Sun so you must turn your clock ahead from GMT by 1 hour (1 hour earlier) for each 15º= If you travel westward from the prime meridian, you are falling behind the Sun, so you turn your clock back from GMT by 1 hour for each 15º (EX: 7:00 to 8:00) |
| Eastern US time compared to GMT | Eastern US is near 75º west longitude and is thus 5 hours earlier than GMT (EX: 7pm GMT and 2pm US) |
| What are the 4 standard time zones shared by the 48 contiguous US States and Canada? | Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific |
| Eastern Standard Time Zone | Near 75º west longitude (passes close to Philadelphia) and is 5 hours earlier than GMT |
| Central Standard Time Zone | Near 90º west longitude (passes through Memphis, Tennessee) and is 6 hours earlier than GMT |
| Mountain Standard Time Zone | Near 105º west longitude (passes through Denver, Colorado) and is 7 hours earlier than GMT |
| Pacific Standard Time Zone | Near 120º west longitude (passes through Lake Tahoe in California) and is 8 hours earlier than GMT |
| Alaska Time Zone | Contains most of Alaska (9 hours earlier than GMT) |
| Hawaii-Aleutian Time Zone | Contains most of Hawaii and some of Aleutian Islands (10 hours earlier than GMT) |
| Atlantic Time Zone | Contains eastern Canada (4 hours earlier than GMT) |
| International Date Line | Follows 180º latitude= When you pass this line, you move the clock back 24 hours (if you are heading eastward toward America) and 24 ahead if you are heading westward toward Asia= If going East to West, you gain a day= If going west to east, you loose a day= Going to the left is 1 day ahead of the right= If you go west, you will never see the sun rise while if you go east, you will see the sun rise again (i.e. repeat day) |
| Kiribati | (Collection of small islands in the Pacific Ocean) Moved the International Date Line 2,000 miles to its eastern border near 150º west longitude= Thus, it is the first country to see each day's sunrise |
| Cultural Landscape | (Is what a region gets its unified character from) A combination of cultural features such as language and religion, etc.= Is an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group= Culture is the agent, the natural area the medium, the cultural landscape the result |
| Regional Studies | (a.k.a. Contemporary Cultural Landscape Approach) Says that each region has its own distinctive landscape that results from a unique combination of social relationships and physical processes= Within a region the people/activities/environment will display similarities and regularities within a region and differ in some way from those of other regions |
| How do regions gain uniqueness? | Possessing not a single human or environmental characteristic but a combination of them |
| Fundamental principle underlying the cultural landscape approach | People are the most important agents of change of Earth's surface (physical environment is not always the most important) |
| What causes distinctive landscapes that don't stem from physical features? | Economic systems, political structures, living arrangements, etc. |
| When can you use the term "region"? | Applied to any area larger than a point and smaller than the entire planet= Most often applied at 1 of 2 scales: several neighboring countries that share important features or many localities within a country |
| How many times can a specific place appear in a "region"? | Countless times (depending on how that region is being defined) |
| 3 types of regions | Formal, functional, vernacular |
| Formal Region | (a.k.a. Uniform Region or Homogeneous Region) Area within which everyone shares in common one ore more distinctive characteristics (shared feature can be cultural or environmental)= In a formal region, the selected characteristic is presented throughout while in other kinds of formal regions, a characteristic may be predominant rather than universal |
| Why are formal regions typically identified? | To help explain broad global or national patters (i.e. variations in religions, etc.)= Characteristic selected to distinguish a formal region often illustrates a general concept rather than a precise mathematical distribution |
| How can you identify formal regions? | Must recognize the diversity of cultural, economic, and enviornmental factors even while making a generalization (problems will be a majority % overshadowing a minority %) |
| Functional Region | (a.k.a. Nodal Region) Area organized around a node or focal point= Characteristic chosen to define the region dominates at a central focus or node and diminishes in importance outward= Region is tied to the central point by transportation or communications systems or by economic or functional associations= Node may be anything (i.e. shop, etc.) and the boundaries of the region mark the limits of the trading area of the activity= People may be attracted to the node and information may flow from the node to the surrounding area (EX: newspaper [closer to center, more read, farther away, less read]) |
| Why are functional regions used? | To display information about economic areas |
| Vernacular Region | (a.k.a. Perceptual Region) A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity= These regions emerge from people's informal sense of place rather than from scientific models developed through geographic thought (EX: South US) |
| Mental Map | (Useful way to identify a perceptual region) An internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface= Depicts what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located |
| Are maps that show information about a particular region useful? | Not if a person know little about the region being described |
| Factors with similar distributions have... | Similar spatial association |
| Culture | (Used when thinking about why each region on Earth is distinctive) Body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people |
| How are groups of people distinguished? | According to important cultural characteristics, describe where particular cultural groups are distributed, and offer reasons to explain the observed distribution |
| Cultured | A person with taste for intellectual outputs (i.e. books, art, etc.) |
| Popular Culture | (EX: TV programs) Is distinguished from intellectually challenging culture |
| What is looked at in culture to see why each region in the world is unique? | What is cared about and what is taken care of |
| What is looked at to see what caused a distinctive culture in a particular place? | Customary ideas, beliefs, and values of a people= Very important cultural values derive from a group's language, religion, and ethnicity |
| What 3 cultural traits are good for identifying the location of a culture and the principal means by which cultural values become distributed around the world? | Language, religion, ethnicity |
| Language | System of signs, sounds, gestures, and marks that have meanings understood within a cultural group= People communicate the cultural values they care about through language and the words themselves tell something about where different cultural groups are located |
| Religion | Principal system of attitudes, beliefs, and practices through which people worship in a formal, organized way= Geographers look at the distribution of different religious groups around the world and how the interact with their environment |
| Ethnicity | Encompasses a group's language, religion, and other cultural values (as well as its physical traits_ |
| What are the names of the 2 regions of the world that are caused by dividing the world based on the economy? | More Developed Economically (MDC) and Less Developed Regions (LDC)= Are distinguished by economic gains, living, etc. |
| MDC | (More Developed Economically) Include North America, Europe, and Japan= Has a higher possession of wealth and material goods because of different types of economic activities |
| LDC | (Less Developed Regions) Include sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, etc.= Most people are engaged in agriculture |
| What is the relationship between culture and natural environment? | Different cultural groups modify the natural enviornment ini distinctive ways to produce unique regions |
| Cultural Ecology | (a.k.a. Human Environment) Geographic study of human-environment relationships |
| Humboldt and Ritter | Urged geographers to adopt the methods of scientific inquiry used by natural scientists= Said that the scientific study of social and natural processes is fundamentally the same= Should apply laws from the natural sciences to understanding relationships between the physical environment and human actions= Focused on how the physical environment CAUSED social development |
| Environmental Determinism | Focus on how the physical environment CAUSED social development |
| Ellsworth Huntington | Argued that climate was a major determinant of civilization |
| Possibilism | Used when trying to explain the relationships beween human activities and the physical environment in a region= Says that the physical environment may limit some human actions but people have the ability to adjust to their environment (through resources) |
| Resources | Substances that are useful to people, easy to access, and culturally acceptable |
| Technology and The Environment | Technology can radically change the environment= Problem is that some people use technology to modify the environment insensitively (actions hurt resources, etc.) |
| What are important physical processes? | Climate, vegetation, soil, landforms |
| Koppen System | Divides the world into 5 main climate regions that are identified by the letters A through E |
| What are the names associated with the 5 letters (A through E) used in the Koppen System? | A-Tropical Climates, B-Dry Climates, C-Warm Mid Latitude Climates, D-Cold Mid Latitude Climates, E-Polar Climates |
| How are the 5 main climate regions (in the Koppen System) subdivided into many subtypes? | Basis for the subdivision (except for B Climate) is the amount of precipitation and the season in which it falls= For B climate, subdivision is made on the basis of temperature and precipitation |
| What does the climate of a particular region influence? | Human activity (especially production of the food needed to survive) |
| Biomes | 4 major forms of plant communities= Location and extent are influenced by both climate and human activities |
| Vegetation and Soil | Influence the types of agriculture that people practice in a particular region |
| 4 Main Biomes | Forest, Savanna, Grassland, Desert |
| Forest Biome | Trees form a continuous canopy over the ground= Grasses and shrubs may grow beneath the cover |
| Savanna Biome | Mixture of trees and grasses= Trees do not form a continuous canopy and the resultant lack of shade allows grass to grow |
| Grassland Biome | Covered by grass rather than trees= Few trees grow in the region because of low precipitation (EX: US Prairies are world's largest grasslands) |
| Desert Biome | Not completely bereft of vegetation= Although many desert areas have almost no vegetation, the region contains dispersed patches of plants adapted to dry conditions= Vegetation is often sufficient for the survival of small numbers of animals |
| Soil | Material that forms on Earth's surface and is the thin layer between the air and the rocks= Not merely dirt, soil contains the nutrients necessary for successful growth of plants |
| U.S. Comprehensive Soil Classification System | Divides global soil types into 10 orders (according to the characteristics of the immediate surface soil layers and the subsoil= More than 12,000 types of soil |
| How are Orders subdivided? | Subdivided into suborders, great groups, subgroups, families, series |
| What causes the destruction of soil? | Erosion and depletion of nutrients |
| Erosion (of soil) | Occurs when the soil washes away in the rain or blows away in the wind= To reduce erosion problems, farmers reduce the amount of plowing, plant crops whose roots help bind the soil, and avoid planting on steep slopes |
| Depletion of Nutrients (in soil) | Nutrients are depleted when plants withdraw more nutrients than natural process can replace= Each type of plant uses and restores specific/different nutrients= Repeated harvesting of the same type of crop year after year can remove certain nutrients and reduce the soil's productivity= To minimize depletion problem, farmers plant plants that just replenish nutrients (and aren't really worth $) and add fertilizers |
| Landforms | (a.k.a. Earth's surface features) Vary from relatively flat to mountainous |
| Geomorphology | Study of Earth's landforms= Helps explain distribution of people and the choice of economic activities at different locations (people prefer living on flat lands) |
| Topographic Maps | Show remarkable detail of physical features (i.e. bodies of water, forests, mountains, etc.)= Also show cultural features (i.e. buildings, roads, etc.) |
| Topos | (a.k.a. Topographic Maps) Used by engineers, hikers, and anyone who really needs to see the lay of the land |
| Why are Topographic Maps used by Geographers? | To study relief and slope of localities |
| Relief (in regards to Topographic Maps) | Difference in elevation between any 2 points and it measures the extent to which an area is flat or hilly |
| Slope (in regards to Topographic Maps) | Is how the steepness of hills are measured= Is relief divided by the distance between 2 points |
| Contour Lines | Lines on the map that connect points of equal elevation above or below sea level= Are closer together to show steeper slopes and farther apart in flatter areas |
| How have the Dutch modified their landscape? Why? | (Modified environment gently) Polders and Dikes= Because most of Netherlands lies under sea level |
| Polder | Piece of land that is created by draining water from an area= Were constructed by private developers (used in Netherlands because many parts are below sea level)= Dutch use t for agriculture to reduce country's dependence on imported food |
| Dikes | Made to prevent the North Sea (part of the Atlantic Ocean) from flooding much of the country |
| Zuider Zee | Part of the North Sea that once threatened to flood Netherlands |
| Delta Plan | Many dams were built in Netherlands after a flood of the many natural rivers that flow through the Netherlands killed many people |
| Barrier Islands in Florida | Are basically large sandbars that shield the mainland from flooding and storm damage= Constantly being eroded and shifted from the force of storms and pounding surf (and parts are sometimes washed away after storms)= Most are linked by bridges |
| How is erosion fought along the Barrier Islands? | People build seawalls and jetties (=structures extending into the sea (but while it protects the side from the current, the side unprotected from the current erodes) |
| 2000 Comprehensive Everglades Restoration | Made to restore the flow of water through South Florida while improving flood control and water quality (which was hurt by the growth of farming as a result of previous erosion-preventing techniques) |
| Local Scale | We see unique features (i.e. shows a neighborhood) |
| Global Scale | We see broad patterns (i.e. shows the world) |
| Globalization | (Increases importance of scale) A force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope= Means that the scale of the world is shrinking (in reference to the ability of a something to interact with something else in another place)= Produces a world that is more uniform, integrated, and independent= Requires a common language (thus English is more important) |
| Transnational Corporation | (a.k.a. Multinational Corporations) Conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principle shareholders are located (has led globalization)= Able to globalize due to technology that allows them to easily move money |
| What are the results of the globalization of the economy? | Every place in the world is part of the global economy but it has led to more specialization at the local level= Each place plays a specific role based on its local assets= Has thus increased economic differences among places |
| What underlies the uniform cultural landscape? | Globalization of cultural beliefs and forms (especially religion and language) |
| Global Culture | As more people adopt the global culture, local culture is threatened= Still, cultural difference among places not only persist but actually flourish in many places |
| Globalization of Communications | People in 2 distant places can watch the asme television program while, at the same time, 2 people in the same house can watch different shows |
| What happens when people try to retain their local culture in the face of globalization? | The people become intolerant of those with differing beliefs |
| What do Geographers think about in regards to space? | The arrangement of people and activities found in space and then try to understand why those people and activities are distributed across space as they are= They identify the location of important places and explain why human activities are located beside one another in space= Every place occupies a unique position on Earth and are thus examined on how they are arranged across Earth |
| How does history and geography differ? | A historian cannot enter a time machine to study other eras; however, a geographer can actively study spaces |
| Distribution | Refers to if features (on Earth [close or far away]) are numerous or scarce, close together or far apart= Arrangement of a feature in space |
| 3 properties of Distribution | Density, concentration, pattern |
| Density | Frequency with which something occurs in space= A large population does not necessarily mean a high density= Is unrelated to poverty |
| Arithmetic Density | Total number of objects in an area and is used to compare the distribution of population in different countries= Requires number of people and the land area |
| How to measure Arithmetic Density | (Total amount of X) divided by (X's area) |
| Physiological Density | Number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture= A high physiological density may mean that a country has difficulty growing enough food to sustain its population |
| Agricultural Density | Number of farmers per unit area of farmland= A high agricultural density may mean that a country has inefficient agriculture |
| Concentration | Extent of a feature's spread over space= To compare levels of concentration, 2 areas must have same number of objects and the same size area= Used to describe changes in distribution= Not the same as density |
| Clustered | If objects are close together |
| Dispersed | If objects are spread out |
| Pattern | Geometric arrangement of objects in space (some distributed in geometric patter and others irregularly)= Vary according to gender and ethnicity (gender patterns are taught at birth) |
| How are objects often arranged? | In a square or rectangular pattern |
| Grid Pattern | Regular pattern of streets that intersect at right angles at uniform intervals to form square or rectangular blocks |
| When is cultural identity a source of pride? | At the local scale and an inspiration for personal values |
| Self-Identification | (Traits matter to other people) Criteria by which other people classify us and choose to interact with us |
| Space-Time Compression | Describes the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place= Promotes rapid change |
| Diffusion | Process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time= Connections are made between regions, as well as the mechanism by which connections are maintained through networks (must happen for interaction to occur) |
| When can we see spatial interaction? | When places are connected with each other= Interaction takes place through networks |
| Networks | Chains of communication that connect places |
| Distance Decay | The farther away one group is from another, the less likely the 2 groups are to interact= Contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears |
| Hearth | Place from which an innovation originates (originates from hearth and then diffuses outward) |
| How does a hearth emerge? | Cultural group must be willing to try something new and be able to allocate resources to nurture the innovation= To make hearth, people must also have the technical ability to achieve the desired idea and the economic structures to facilitate implementation of the innovation |
| Relocation Diffusion | Spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another |
| Expansion Diffusion | Spread of a feature from 1 place to another in a snowballing process= Happens much faster in the contemporary world than in the past (can happen instantly/simultaneously even if distance of separation is large) |
| What causes expansion diffusion? | Hierarchical Diffusion, Contagious Diffusion, Stimulus Diffusion |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | Spread of an idea from person or nodes of authority or power o other persons or places= May result from spread of ideas from elites to others in the community |
| Contagious Diffusion | Rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population= Is similar to the spread of a disease (is rapidly adopted) |
| Stimulus Diffusion | Spread of an underlying principle (even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse) |
| Uneven Development | Increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy |
| Importance of Population Study | More people alive at this time (6-3/4 billion) than ever before; world's population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the 20th century than ever before; almost all global population growth is concentrated in LDC |
| Demography | Scientific study of population characteristics |
| What do demographers look at? | Look statistically at how people are distributed spatially and by age, gender, etc. |
| How do geographers study population problems? | (First ask WHERE) First describing where people are found across Earth's space (location of Earth's population forms regular distributions)= Second, look at where the population is growing |
| Overpopulation | (Is the WHY question) From perspective of globalization, the problem is not simply a matter of the total number of people on Earth but also includes the relationship between the number of people and the availability of resources= Problems result when an area's population exceeds the capacity of the enviornment to support it at an acceptable standard of living |
| Overpopulation at the local scale | Find that overpopulation is a danger in some regions of the world but not others |
| Distribution of People | Is not uniform around the world= Can understand how population is distributed by look at CONCENTRATION and DENSITY |
| 2/3 of the World's Population are clustered where? | East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe |
| Catogram | (Can depict the clustering of the world's population) Depcts the size of countries according to population rather than land area (just like most maps)= The shapes of many large or populous countries (i.e. Canada, US, etc.) have been exaggerated to show the regions within the countries where most of the population is clustered |
| Why is Asia and Europe important? | Because global patterns are heavily influenced by conditions in these regions (where 2/3 of world's population lives) |
| Similarities between the 4 most populated regions on the earth | Most of the people live near an ocean (or a river with easy access to the ocean) rather than in the interior of major landmasses= Occupy generally low-lying areas, with fertile soil and temperate climate= Are all located in the Northern Hemisphere between 10º and 55º north latitude (with the exception of part of the Southeast Asia concentration) |
| How many people live close to the ocean? | 2/3 live within 300 miles of an ocean and 4/5 live within 500 miles |
| East Asia | Contains 1/5 earth's population |
| China | (EAST ASIA) Peoples Republic of China contains 5/6 of East Asia's population (world's most populated country)= China is largest country in land area (but much of area is mountains and deserts)= Chinese population is clustered near Pacific Coast and in many fertile river valleys that extend inland= 2/3 of China's population live in rural areas where they work as farmers |
| Japan and South Korea | (EAST ASIA) Like China, population is not uniformly distributed= More than 1/3 of people live in three large metropolitan areas (Tokyo and Osaka in Japan, and Seoul in South Korea) that covers less than 3% of the 2 countries land areas= More than 3/4 of all Japanese and Koreans live in urban areas and work at industrial or service jobs) |
| South Asia | Contains 1/5 of world's people= India (worlds 2nd most populous country) contains more than 3/4 of the South Asia Population= Most are farmers living in rural areas= Contains 21 urban areas= Only 1/4 of population live in urban areas |
| Where is most important concentration in South Asia? | On small corridor from Pakistan through India and Bangladesh to Bay of Bengal= Much of this area's population is concentrated along the plains of the Indus and Ganges rivers= Population also heavily concentrated near India's 2 long coastlines (Arabian Sea to the west and Bay of Bengal to the east) |
| Southeast Asia | 4th largest (after Europe) population cluster= Most live on a series of islands that lie between the Indian and Pacific oceans (Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Pilippines)= Java has largest population= Many people work as farmers in rural areas |
| East, South, and Southeast Asia taken together | Comprise more than 1/2 of the world's total population= Together, they live on less than 10% of Earth's land area (same as many years ago) |
| Europe | Contains populations of West/East Europe and European portion of Russia= Forms the world's 3rd largest population cluster= Contains 1/9 of the worlds population= Includes 4 dozen countries (ranging from small to Russia [the world's LARGEST country in land area when its asian part is included])= 3/4 of Europe's inhabitants live in cities and less than 20% are farmers= Settlements linked by roads, etc.= Highest population concentrations in Europe are near the coalfields of England, Germany, and Belgium [historically the major source of energy for industry]) |
| Western Hemisphere | (Is not one of the big 4) Largest population lives in northeastern US and southeastern Canada= Cluster extends along Atlantic Coast and westward along the Great Lakes= 2% of world's population lives in the area= Most Americans are urban dwellers (less than 5% are farmers) |
| West Africa | (Is not one of the big 4) Contains 2% of the world's population (especially clustered along the south-facing Atlantic coast)= 1/2 of West Africa concentration is found in Nigeria (most populous country in Africa) and the other 1/2 is divded among several small countries west of Nigeria= Most West Africans work in agriculture (although the region has 6 urban areas) |
| Few people live in regions that are... | Too dry, we, cold, or mountainous for activities such as agriculture |
| Ecumene | Portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement (used to just be Midle East, Eastern Europe, and East Asia) |
| Ecumene vs. Uninhabitable | Ecumene has increased while the "uninhabitable" areas have decreased |
| Approximately 3/4 of world's population live on only... | 5% of Earths surface (71% ocean) |
| 4 Types of Ecumene | Dry, Wet, Cold, and High lands |
| Dry Lands | Areas too dry for farming= Cover 20% of Earth's land surface= 2 largest desert regions in the world lie in North Hemisphere between 15º and 50º north latitude and in South Hemisphere between 20º and 50º north latitude= Biggest desert is Sahara (extends from North Africa to Southwest and Central Asia)= Lack sufficient water to grow crops that could feed large population (although some live there by raising animals [i.e. Camels] that have adapted)= By constructing irrigation systems, people can grow crops in some parts of the desert= Mostly inhospitable to intensive agriculture (but do have oil) |
| Wet Lands | Lands that receive very high levels of precipitation (may be inhospitable)= Located near equator between 20º north and south latitude in the interiors of South America, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia= Rainfall averages more than 50 inches per year but MOST get 90 inches= Combination of heat and rain rapidly depletes nutrients from the soil and thus hinders agriculture= Some areas (i.e. wet lands of Southeast Asia) have rainfall periodically (can thus grow enough food during offseason) |
| Cold Lands | Most of land near North/South Poles covered in ice or ground is permanently frozen (permafrost). Polar regions receive less precipitation than some Central Asian deserts but, over many years, the annual snowfall has turned into thick ice= Polar regions are unsuitable for planting crops, few animals can survive, few humans can live there |
| High Lands | Few live at high elevations (EX: Switzerland)= Some people may prefer to occupy higher lands if temperatures and precipitation are uncomfortably high at lower elevations (EX: Latin America and Africa) |
| Switzerland | (Example of HIGH LANDS) 1/2 of land is mountain covered but only 5% of country's population live there |
| Arithmetic Density | (aka Population density) Total number of people divided by total land area= Geographers use this to compare conditions in different countries because the 2 pieces of information needed to calculate the measure--total population and total land area-- are easily obtained= Vary greatly within individual countries (more so than comparing 2 different countries)= Enables geographers to compare the number of peopl etrying to live on a given piece of land in different regions of the world= Answers the WHERE question |
| Physiological Density | Measure of population by looking at the number of people per area of a certain type of land in a region= Is the number of people supported by a unit area of arable land= Provides insights into the relationship between the size of a population and the availability of resources in a region |
| Arable Land | Land suited for agriculture |
| The higher the physiological density... | The greater the pressure that people may place on the land to produce enough food |
| Comparing Physiological and Arithmetic Densities | Helps geographers to understand the capacity of the land to yeild enough food for the needs of the people |
| 2 countries can have similar physiological densities, but... | May produce significantly different amounts of food because of different economic conditions |
| Agricultural Density | Ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land= This density measure helps account for economic differences= MDCs have lower agricultural densities because technology and finance allow a few people to farm extensive land areas and feed many people (thus, it frees most of the MDC population to work in places other than the fields) |
| To understand the relationship between population and resources in a country... | Geographers examine a country's physiological and agricultural densities together |
| Physiological/Agricultural Density: Netherlands, Bangladesh, Dutch, India | Bangladesh and Netherlands have high physiological densities but Dutch have a much lower agricultural density than the Bangladeshi (CONCLUDE: both the Dutch and Bangladeshi put heavy pressure on the land to produce food, but the more efficient Dutch agricultural system requires fewer farmers than does the Bangladeshi) Netherlands have higher phys. than does India but lower agricultural density (demonstrates that, compared with India, the Dutch have extremely limited arable land to meet the needs of their population [Dutch have built dikes and created polders]) |
| Population increases rapidly in places... | Where many more people are born than die (also increases when people move in) |
| Population increases slowly in places.. | Where the number of births exceeds the number of deaths by only a small margin |
| Population declines in places.. | Where deaths outnumber births (also decreases when people move out) |
| Crude | We are concerned with society as a whole rather than a refined look at particular individuals or groups |
| Age Specific Birth Rates | In communities with an unusually large number of people of a certain age we can study separate birth rates for women of each age (rather than CBRs) |
| Population change is measured through what? | Crude birth rates (CBR), Crude death rates (CDR), Natural increase rate (NIR) |
| Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | Total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in a society (EX: CBR of 20 means that for every 1000 people in a country, 20 babies are born over a 1 year period) |
| Crude Death Rate (CDR) | Total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society= Comparable to the CBR, the CDR is expressed as the annual number of deaths per 1000 population |
| Natural Increase Rate (NIR) | Percentage by which a population grows in a year= Computed by subtracting CDR from CBR, after first converting the 2 measures from numbers per 1000 to percentages (numbers per 100)= Thus, if the CBR is 20 and the CDR is 5 (both per 1000) then the NIR is 15/1000 (1.5%) |
| Natural | Means that a country's growth rate excludes migration |
| World NIR | During 1st decade of 21st century is 1.2 (meaning population of world was growing each year by 1.2%)= World NIR is lower today than all time peak of 2.2 and has declined sharply= NIR during second half of 21st century was high by historical standards |
| How many people are added to the population of the world each year? | 80 million people= Represents a decline from all time high of 87 million= Number of people added each year has dropped much more slowly than the NIR because the population base is much higher now than in the past (base continues to grow by a change of only one-one-tenth of 1% would produce large swings in population growth) |
| Changes in the NIR | Small changes dramatically affect the size of the population because the base population from which we derive the percentage is so high |
| Doubling Time | (Is affected by the rate of natural increase) Is the number of years needed to double a population (assuming a constant rate of natural increase) |
| Virtually 100% of the natural increase is clustered... | In LDCs= NIR exceeds 2% in most countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, Middle East whereas it is negative in Europe (meaning that in the absence of immigrants, population actually is declining) |
| World Population Growth: Where is it centered | 2/3 of the world's population has been in Asia (with the remaining 1/3 divided about equally among sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East) |
| Regional differences in NIRs mean... | That most of the world's additional people live in the countries that are least able to maintain them (these differences in growth rates are explained by regional differences in fertility and mortality rates) |
| Where are the highest and lowest CBRs | Highest in sub-Saharan Africa (most have CBR over 40) and lowest in Europe (most have CBR below 10) |
| Total Fertility Rate (TFR) | Used to measure the number of births in a society= Is the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (roughly ages 15-49)= To calculate, you must assume that a woman reaching a particular age in the future will be just as likely to have a child as are women of that age today |
| CBR vs. TFR | CBR provides a picture of a society as a whole in a given year whereas the TFR attempts to predict the future behavior of individual women in a world of rapid cultural change |
| TFR of World (as a whole) | Is 2.7 (the figures vary between MDC and LDC)= TFR exceeds six in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa compared to 2 or less in every European country |
| In addition to the CDR, what else are useful measures of mortality? | Infant mortality rate and Life expectancy |
| Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) | Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared with total live births= Usually express as the number of deaths among infants per 1000 births rather than a percentage (per 100) |
| IMR of World | Highest IMR are in the poorer countries of sub-Saharan Africa while the lowest IFR are in Western Europe= IMRs exceed 100 in much of Africa (meaning that more than 10% of all babies die before reaching their first birthday)= IMR is less than 5% throughout Western Europe |
| What do IMRs reflect? | Country's health-care system= Lower IMRs are found in countries with well-trained doctors and nurses |
| US IMR | Although medically advanced, has higher IMR than Canada and Western Europe |
| IMR of African Americans and other minorities in the US | Have IMRs that are 2 times as high as the national average, comparable to levels in Latin America and Asia= Some say that this is because poor people in the US, especially minorities, cannot afford good health care for their infants |
| Life Expectancy | (At birth) Measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels= Is most favorable in the wealthy countries of Western Europe and least favorable in the poor countries of sub-Saharan Africa= Babies born today can expect to live into their late 70s in Western Europe but only into their 40s in most sub-Saharan African countries |
| More developed regions of the world... | have lower rates of natural increase, crude birth, total fertility, and infant morality, and higher average life expectancy= Higher natural increase, lower average life expectancy, etc. are found in LDCs |
| Variation between the world's highest and lowest CDRs... | Much less extreme than the variation in CBRs |
| Highest and Lowest CDR in the world is... | Highest: 19 per 1000; Lowest: 1 per 1000 |
| CBRs for individual countries range from... | 8 per 1000 to 55 per 1000 (unlike CDR) |
| All countries have... | Experienced some some changes in natural increase, fertility, and mortality raters but AT DIFFERENT TIMES and AT DIFFERENT RATES |
| Demographic Transition | (Although rates vary among countries) Similar process of change in a society's population= Because of diverse local cultural and economic conditions, the demographic transition diffuses to individual countries at different rates and produces local variations in natural increase, fertility, and mortality= Has many stages, every country is in one of them, and has a beginning, middle, and end= Is irreversible (after a country changes, does not go back) |
| 4 Stages of Demographic Transition | Low Growth, High Growth, Moderate Growth, Low Growth |
| Low Growth | (Stage 1) Dominated most of human's existence on earth= Crude birth/death rates varied considerably from one year/region to the next (over long time, were comparable at HIGH levels)= NIR was thus 0 and earth's population was unchanged (at 1/2 million)= Today, no country remains in Stage 1 |
| Low Growth: Food | (Stage 1) People depended on hunting/gathering= When food was easy to get, region's population increased but declined when people weren't able to locate enough animals/vegetation |
| Low Growth: When and why did the population start to increase | (Stage 1) Around 8000B.C., population began grow many thousand per year (between 8000B.C. and 1750, population increased from 5 million to 800 million)= Caused by agricultural revolution |
| Agricultural Revolution | (Caused first significant population increase in Stage 1) Was when humans first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gather= By growing plants and raising animals, human beings created larger and more stable sources of food so more people could survive |
| Low Growth: After Agricultural Revolution | (Stage 1) Human population still stayed in stage 1 of the demographic transition because food supplies were still unpredictable= Farmers prospered in regions with abundant harvest, and the population expanded, but when unfavorable climatic conditions resulted in low food production, the CDR would rise= War and disease also took their toll in Stage 1 societies |
| High Growth | (Stage 2) After Agricultural revolution, world's pop. grew slowly= After 1750, suddenly grew 10 times faster than in past (average annual increase jumped from .05% [one-twentieth of 1%] to 0.5% [1/2 of 1%])= World pop. grew about 5 million in 1800 compared to only about 1/2 million in 1750 |
| High Growth: What caused the sudden increase in population | (Stage 2) Occurred in late 18th/early 19th centuries because several countries moved on to stage 2 of the demographic transition |
| High Growth: In general, what causes the shift from Stage 1 to Stage 2 | (Stage 2) The CDR suddenly plummets while the CBR remains roughly the same as in stage 1= Because the difference between the CBR and CDR is suddenly very high, the NIR is also very high and population grows rapidly |
| High Growth: What can stage 2 be divided into | First part is the period of accelerating population growth= During second part, growth rate begins to slow although the gap between births and deaths remains high |
| High Growth: When/Why did Countries enter Stage 2 | (Stage 2) Entered after 1750 due to Industrial Revolution |
| Industrial Revolution | (Caused switch from Stage 1 to Stage 2) Began in England in the lat 18th century and spread to European continent and North America during the 19th century= Was conjunction of major improvements in industrial technology (invention of steam engine, etc.) that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and delivering them to market= Result was extreme/unmatched wealth (some was used to make cleaner living)= Revolutionized farming (more food and less farmers [thus freed people to work in factories])= Wealth also used to improve sanitation and personal hygiene (EX: sewer systems) |
| Which countries entered stage 2 around 1800? | Countries of Europe and North America (but Stage 2 did not diffuse to most other countries) |
| World Population Growth in Stage 2 | Grew by 1.7% per year during the second half of the 20th century compared to 0.5 percent per year during the 19th century |
| Which countries entered stage 2 during the second half of the 20th century? Why? | Africa, Asia, Latin America= Pushed into stage 2 (unlike Europe and North America) due to medical revolution |
| Medical Revolution | (Caused less developed countries to enter stage 2)= Medical technology invented in Europe and North America diffused to less developed countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America (thus eliminated many of the causes of death in LDC and enabled more people to experience longer/healthier lives) |
| Edward Jenner | (Part of Medical Revolution) Discover inoculation to smallpox (used boy and cowpox)= Invented immunization |
| Why do countries move from stage 2 to stage 3? | When CBR begins to drop sharply= CDR continues to fall in stage 3 but at much slower rate than in stage 2= Population continues to grow because CBR is still greater than CDR |
| Rate of Natural Increase: Stage 2 vs. Stage 3 | More modest in countries in stage 3 than those in stage 2 because the gap between CBR and CDR narrows |
| Moderate Growth: Stage 2 to Stage 3 | (Stage 3) Europe and North America moved into stage 3 in first half of 20th century= Most countries in Asia and Latin America recently moved into stage 3 while most African countries remain in stage 2 |
| Moderate Growth: What causes sudden drop in CBR (compared to stage 2 drop of CBR) | (Stage 3) Occurs for different reasons than the decline of CDR in stage 2= CDR declined in stage 2 following the introduction of new technology into the society while CBR decreases in stage 3 because of changes in social customs |
| When does a society enter stage 3? | (Moderate Growth) When people choose to have fewer children= Is partly a delayed reaction to adecline in mortality (especially in IMR)= Economic changes also influence less births |
| Moderate Growth: Jobs and living situation for most | (Stage 3) More likely to live in cities rather than in the countryside and to work in offices, etc. rather than on farms= Farmers often consider a large family to be an asset because children can do some of the chores while children living in cities are generally not economic assets to their parents (because they are prohibited from working in most types of urban jobs)= Urban homes are relatively small and may not have space to accommodate large families |
| When does a country reach "Low Growth" | (Stage 4) When the CBR decliens to the point where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches 0 (called Zero Population Growth) |
| Zero Population Growth (ZPG) | (Often applied to stage 4 countries) When CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches zero= ZPG may occur when the CBR is slightly higher than the CDR because som efemales die before reaching childbearing years and the number of females in their childbearing years can vary= To make up for this, ZPG is defined as the TFR that results in a lack of change in the total population over a longer term |
| What TFR produces ZPG | A TFR of approximately 2.1 (although a country that get many immigrants may need to lower TFR to achieve ZPG) |
| Countries in stage 4 of the demographic transition can be... | Identified on the map of total fertility rate= Most European countries have reached stage 4 of the demographic transition because they have TFRs way below the ZPG replacement level of 2.1 (EX: In US, TFR has moved slightly below ZPG) |
| What explains the movement from one stage o f the demographic transition to the next? | Social customs |
| Women in Stage 4 | Enter labor force rather than remain at home= When most families lived on famrs, pmployment and child rearing were done at same time but in urban society, cant do this anymore |
| Changes in lifestyle also encourage... | Smaller families= People who have access to widr variety of birth-control methods are more likely to use them= With increased income and leisure time, people can participate in entertainment that is not suitable for children (traveling, etc.) |
| NIR | Means that the number of deaths exceeds the number of births |
| Where is NIR most found? | Eastern Europe but more specifically RUSSIA= Eastern Europe has high death rates and low birth rates are due to Communist rule (bad feelings, forced marriages, etc.) |
| Stage 5 | (Does not exist yet) Characterized by higher death rates than birth rates and an irreversible population decline |
| Countries that have passed through all 4 stages | Have completed a cycle from little/no natural increase in stage 1 to little/no natural increase in stage 4 (differences being that in Stage 1, CBR and CDR were high [35-40 per 1000]) while at end of cycle the rates are very low [10 per 1000] as well as the population now is much bigger than it was initially) |
| England's Stage 1 | (Low Growth until 1750) Invaded by Normas, Black Plague killed many, CBRs and CDRs averaged more han 35 per 1000 but varied considerably from one year to the next, CDR skyrocketed in 1740s |
| England's Stage 2 | (High Growth from 1750-1880) 1750, CBR and CDR were both 40 per 1000= 1900 the CBR remained high at 34 but CDR dropped to 20 (this period was known as the Industrial Revolution which increased production, etc.)= Still remained in Stage 2 for 125 years after |
| England's Stage 3 | (Moderate Growth from 1880-Early 1970s) Crude birth and death rates changed little during 19th century= 1880 CBR was 33/1000 and CDR 19 (both of which were only 1 per 1000 lower than in 1800)= Entered stage 3 after 1880= CDR kept falling from 19 to 12/1000= CBR declined sharply from 33 to 18 to 15/1000= Population increased about .7% per year |
| England's Stage 4 | (Low Growth from early 1970s to present) Has been in stage 4 since early 1970s= CBR has varied between 12 and 14 per 1000 and the CDR has varied between 10 and 12= The CBR increases some years because the number of women in their childbearing years is greater, not because of decisions by women to have more children= TFR has been well below 2.1= England's population increased by 3 million since 1970 (mainly due to immigration)= Now crude birth and death rates are 11 rather than 40 and the country has 50 million instead of 6 million |
| A country's stage of demographic transition... | Gives it a distinctive population structure |
| What influences population in a country? | Demographic transition (in regards to the percent-age of the population in each age group and the distribution of males and females) |
| Population Pyramid | Displays a country's population by age and gender groups on a bar graph= Normally shows the percentage of the total population in 5 year age groups, with the youngest group (0 to 4 years old) at the base of the pyramid and the oldest group at the top= Length of bar represents the percentage of the total population contained in that group= Males usually shown on left side of pyramid and females on the right |
| Shape of Population Pyramid | Determined by CBR in the community= Country in stage 2 of demographic transition with a high CBR has a large number of young children making the base of the population pyramid very broad= However, a country in stage 4 with a large number of older people has a graph with a wider top and looks more like a rectangle than a pyramid |
| Age Distribution | Age structure of a population is important in understanding similarities/differences among countries |
| Dependency Ratio | (Most important factor of Age Distribution) Is the number of people hwo are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years= The larger the percentnage of dependents, the greater the financial burden on thsoe who are working to support those who cannot |
| Comparing Dependency Ratios of different countries | Divide the population into 3 age groups: {0 to 14}, {15 to 64}, {65 and older} |
| Dependents | Those who are 0-4 years of age and 65-plus= 1/2 of all people living in countries in stage 2 are dependents compared to only 1/3 in stage 4 countries= Dependency ration is nearly 1:1 in stage 2 countries and is 1:2 in stage 4 countries (1 dependent for every 2 workers)= Young dependents outnumber elderly ones by 10:1 in stage 2 countries but the numbers of young/elderly dependents are equal in stage 4 countries |
| LDC vs. MDC: Composition of young people | 1/3 of the people are under age 15 in LDC and still in stage 2= In European and North American countries (which are at/near stage 4), 1/6 of the population is under age 15 |
| Large Percentage of Children in sub-Saharan Africa and other stage 2 countries | Strains the ability of poorer countries to provide needed services= When children reach age of leaving school, jobs must be found for them but the government must continue to allocate scarce resources to meet the needs of the still growing number of young people |
| As countries pass through stages of demographic transition... | Percentage of elderly people decreases= Higher percentage reflects the lower percentage of young people produced by declining CBRs= Older people also benefit in stage 4 countries from improved medical care and higher incomes= People over age 65 comprise 16% of Europe population compared to 3% in sub-Saharan Africa |
| Graying of the Population | When elderly people stop working and thus require adequate levels of income and medical care= Places burden on European and North American governments to meet these needs= More than 1/4 of all government expenditures in US, Canada, Japan, and European countries go to Social Security, health care, etc. |
| Because of larger % of older people, countries in stages 3 and 4 of demographic transition such as US and Sweden... | have higher CDRs than do stage 2 countries |
| Sex Ratio | Number of males per hundred females in the population= Varies among countries depending on birth and death rates= Slightly more males than females are born but males have higher death rates |
| Sex Ratio: Europe and North America | Both have ratio of men to women at 95:100 (95 men for each 100 women)= Rest of the world has ratio of 102:100 |
| US: Males under age 15 | Exceed females 105:100 |
| Women start outnumbering men at... | Age 40 and they comprise 58% of the population over age 65 |
| LDC: Low % of Women | Explained by high mortality rate during childbirth= Difference relates to the age structure because poorer countries have a larger percentage of young people (where males generally outnumber females) and a lower percentage of older people, where |
| Thomas Malthus | One of the first to argue that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies= Wrote "An Essay on the Principle of Population" in which he claimed that population was growing more rapidly than Earth's food supply because population increased geometrically whereas food supply increased arithmetically= Said that population growth would press against available resources in every country unless "moral restraint" produced lower CBRs or unless disease, etc. produced higher CDRs |
| Malthus: Relationships between people and food | Today [1 person, 1 unit of food], 25 years from now [2 persons, 2 units of food], 50 years from now [4 persons, 3 units of food], 75 years from now [8 persons, 4 units of food], 100 years from now [16 persons, 5 units of food]= Made predictions long after England entered stage 2 |
| Neo-Malthusians | Argue that 2 characteristics of recent population growth make Malthus's thesis more frightening today than every before= Say that wars and civil violence will increase because of scarcities of food, clean air, etc. |
| What is 1st reason that neo-Malthusians are scared? | In Malthus's time only few relatively wealthy countries entered stage 2 of demographic transition (characterize by rapid population increase)= Malthus failed to anticipate that poor countries would have most rapid population growth because of transfer of medical technology (but not wealth) from MDCs= As a result, gap between population growth and resources is wider is wider than ever anticipated= Many LDCs have expanded food production significantly but have more poor people than ever before (REASON: because population growth outpaced economic development, all ecnomic growth was absored simply in accomodating the additionlal population |
| What is the 2nd reason that neo-Malthusians are scared? | World population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources (not just food production) |
| Robert Kaplan and Thomas Fraser Homer-Dixon | (Are neo-Malthusians) Paint picture of world where billions fo people are engaged in a desperate search for food and energy |
| Malthus's Critics | Many see Malthusian beliefs pessimistic because they are based on a belief that the world's supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding= Because of Principles of Possibilism, new technology can offset disaster= Say larger population is better because too few people can retard economic development as surely as can too many people= People in Africa see growth in population good because it produces more power |
| Principles of Possibilism | Our wellbeing is influenced by conditions in physical environment but humans have ability to choose courses of action that can expand the supply of food and other resources |
| Esther Boserup and Simon Kuznets | Criticize Malthus's theory that population growth produces problems= For a country, population growth stimulates economic growth and thus production of more food (could also generate more customers/ideas) |
| Julian Simon | (Criticize Malthus) Argued that population growth stimulated economic growth (more people means more brains to invent) |
| Marxists | (Criticize Malthus) Maintain that no cause and effect relationship exists between population growth and economic development (social problems are caused by unjust social and economic conditions) |
| Friedrich Engles | (Marxist theorist and criticizes Malthus) Sees his work as a part of capitalism= Argued that world possessed sufficient resources to eliminate global hunger and povery if only these resources where shared equally= Under capitalism, workers do not have enough food because they do not control the production and distribution of food and are not paid sufficient wages to purchase it |
| Vaclav Smil | (Showed that Malthus was close to the mark on food production but too pessimistic on population growth) Said even though human population grown at fastest ever, world food production has consistently grown at faster rate than the NIR since 1950 |
| Why has food production dramatically increased? | Better techniques, etc.= Many people cant afford to buy food but this is problem of distribution of wealth rather than insufficient global production of food as Malthus theorized |
| Why can the NIR decline? | Either because of lower birth rates or because of an increase in death rates= Only alternative is to reduce birth rates= In most countries, NIR decline occurred due to lower birth rate but in some countries of sub-Saharan Africa, the CDR is increasing |
| How can you reduce birth rates? | One way relies on economic development while the other relies on distribution of contraceptives= Most effective method varies among countries |
| Lowering Birth Rates: Economic Development | Wealthier community has more money to spend on education and health-care programs that would promote lower birth rates= Therefore, if more women able to attend school and remain in school longer, they are more likely to learn employment skills and gain more economic control over lives= With better education, women would better understand their reproductive rights, make better decisions, and use contraceptives= Stronger health-care programs would cause IMRs to drop due to improved parental care, conseling about sexual diseasses, and child imunization= With survival of more infants, women would be more likely to choose to make more effective use of contraceptives to limit the number of children |
| Lowering BIrth Rates: Emphasizing Contraceptive Use | Economic development may promote lower birth rates in the long run, but the world cannot wait around for that alternative to take effect= Putting resources into family planning programs can reduce birth rates much more rapidly |
| LDC and contraceptives | Supply does not meet the large demand= Therefore, to increase use, simply distribute more cheaply/quickly |
| Contraceptives: Africa | 1/4 of African women use contraceptives compared to 3/4 in Latin America and 2/3 in Asia= Reason is because of economics, religion, and education |
| High Birth Rates: Africa and Southwestern Asia | Reflect relatively low status of women (when women have few rights, they view having many children as a measure of their high status and men regard it as a sign of their own virility |
| Opposition to Contraceptives | Concentrated in religious views, etc. |
| What is truly the best way to lower birth rates? | Use both methods= Problem is that LDC governments and family planning organizations have limited funds to promote lower birth rates so they must set priorities |
| Lower CBRs have been responsible for... | Declining NIRs in most countries= However, in sub-Saharan Africa, lower NIRs have also resulted from higher CDRs (especially though diffusion of AIDS) |
| Epidemiologic Transition | (Term comes from epidemiology) Focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition |
| Epidemiology | Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect many people= Rely heavily on geographic concepts such as scale and connection because measures to control and prevent an epidemic derive from understanding its distinctive distribution and method of diffusion |
| Epidemiologic Transition: Stage 1 | (Formulated by Abdel Omran) Called stage of pestilence and famine= Infectious/parasitic diseases were principle causes of human deaths, along with accidents and attacks by animals and other humans= Malthus called these causes of deaths "natural check" on the growth of the human population in stage 1 of the demographic transition |
| Black Plague | Originated in Kyrgyzstan and brought from there by a Tatar army when it attacked an Italian trading post on the Black Sea= Fleeing Italians then spread the disease= Killed 1/2 of Europe's population |
| Epidemiologic Transition: Stage 2 | Called the stage of receding pandemics |
| Pandemic | Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population (improved sanitation can prevent) |
| Cholera | Was unknown in rural areas= Killed many in urban areas during Industrial Revolution= Problem solved with construction of water and sewer systems (later came back in LDCs as they moved into stage 2) |
| Report of Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britian | (Written by Edwin Chadwick) Showed how people living in poorer neighborhoods had higher chance of getting cholera than living in cleaner areas |
| Dr. John Snow | Mapped the distribution of deaths from cholera in the poor London neighborhood of Soho= Showed how it was not just the poor who were dying (was a result of sanitation) |
| Epidemiologic Transition: Stage 3 | Stage of degenerative and human created diseases is characterized by a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging= Important chronic disorders are cardiovascular disease (i.e. heart attacks) and various forms of cancer |
| Where has decline in infectious diseases been sharp? | Stage 3 countries |
| As LDCs moved from stage 2 to stage 3, infectious diseases... | Have declined |
| S. Jay Olshansky and Brian Ault | Extended Omran's epidemiologic transition to stage 4 |
| Epidemiologic Transition: Stage 4 | Stage of delayed degenerative diseases= Major degenerative causes of death (cardiovascular diseases and cancer) linger but the life expectancy of older people is extended through medical advances= Through medicine, cancers spread more slowly, operations fix heart problems, etc. |
| Epidemiologic Transition: Stage 5 | (Does not exist yet) Would be the stage of reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases= Result would be higher CDRs |
| Reason for Stage 5 | Emergence could be caused by evolution (diseases continuously evolve in response to more resistant drugs [antibiotics greatly add to this problem])= Poverty could also account for Stage 5 (EX: TB is controlled in US but kills many in LDCs)= Could also be caused by improved travel (can thus spread diseases [EX: A(H5N1) is a virus that has affected many birds= Known as avian bird flue= Not yet a pandemic but close]) |
| Pandemic | Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a large proportion of the population |
| AIDS | (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Most lethal epidemic= Strongly affected sub-Saharan Africans (1/10 of world's population is in sub-Saharan Africa and had 2/3 of the world's total HIV positive population and 9/10 of world's infected children= South Africa had most cases)= Other than Africa, country with greatest population with AIDS is India= Second highest rate of infection was in Caribbean countries (EX: Haiti wiht 4% adults having AIDS)= Caused CDR in many sub-Saharan Africa countries to rise as a result of AIDS from the mid-teens to the low 20s (life expectancy has declined from mid 50s to mid 30s) |
| What has migration caused? | The diffusion of human settlement from a small portion of Earth's land area to most of it |
| To accomplish the spread across Earth... | Humans have permanently changed their place of residence |
| What do geographers study in migrants? | FROM WHERE people migrate TO WHERE they migrate to (across the SPACE of Earth)= They also ask WHY did they migrate |
| In the US, the average family moves... | 1 time every 6 years |
| Why do people migrate? | Economic opportunity, cultural freedom, environmental comfort |
| Diffusion | Process by which a characteristic spreads from one area to another |
| Relocation Diffusion | Spread of a characteristic through the bodily movement of people from one place to another |
| Migration | (Is a specific type of relocation diffusion) A permanent move to a new location= Is a form of mobility= Is a form of relocation diffusion and expansion diffusion= People decide to migrate due to push and pull factors |
| The flow of migration always involves... | 2-way CONNECTIONS (people may migrate from A to B or from B to A) |
| Emigration | Migration FROM a location |
| Immigration | Migration TO a location |
| Net Migration | Difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants |
| Net In-Migration | (Net migration is positive) If the # of immigrants exceeds the # of emigrants |
| Net Out-Migration | (Net migration is negative) If the # of emigrants exceeds the # of immigrants |
| Mobility | General term covering all types of movements from one place to another (i.e. can be any type of movement)= Occurs much less frequently than other forms of mobility (because it produces profound changes for individuals and entire cultures) |
| Circulation | (Form of Mobility) Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis |
| Seasonal Mobility | Displayed by college students= Move to a dorm each fall and return home following spring |
| A permanent move to a new location... | Disrupts traditional cultural ties and economic patterns in one REGION= When people migrate, however, they carry with them their life-style/culture |
| What makes relocation diffusion more feasible than in the past? | Changing scale generated by modern transportation systems (i.e. motor vehicles/airplanes)= In the past, relied on animals, walking, etc. |
| What has the communications system done in terms of relocation diffusion? | Relocation diffusion no longer essential for transmittal of ideas from one place to another= Culture and economy can diffuse rapidly around world through forms of expansion diffusion |
| Why do people still migrate in large numbers if people can participate in the globalization of culture and economy regardless of place of residence? | PLACE is still important to an individual's cultural identity and economic prospects |
| Within a global economy, an individual's ability to earn a living... | Varies by location |
| Within a global culture, people migrate... | To be reunited with others of similar culture |
| What causes pockets of local diversity? | Migration of people with similar cultural values |
| In what way is migration a form of expansion diffusion? | Someone may migrate and send back a message that encourages others to migrate |
| Reasons for migrating | Most people migrate for ECONOMIC REASONS= Cultural and environmental factors induce migration but not as frequently as economic factors |
| Push Factor | Induces people to move out of present location |
| Pull Factor | Induces people to move into new location |
| For people to migrate, people must view... | Their current home so negatively that they feel pushed away and they view another place so attractively that they feel pulled toward it |
| Main types of Push/Pull Factors? | Economic, cultural, environmental= Usually one of factors emerges as most important |
| Economic Push/Pull Factors | People think about emigrating from place with few job opportunities and they immigrate to places where jobs seem to be available |
| Because of economic restructuring, job prospects... | Often vary from one country to another and within regions of the same country |
| Why did US and Canada attract many immigrants? | Offered chances for economic advancement |
| Attractiveness of a region can shift... | With economic change |
| Cultural Push/Pull Factor | Compelling PUSH factor, forcing people to emigrate from a country |
| Why has forced international migration occurred in the past? | (For 2 main cultural reasons) Slavery and political instability (many people shipped as slaves/prisoners [especially from Asia to Western Hemisphere]) |
| Although many people were no longer forced to migrate as slaves in the 20th century, forced international migration increased because of... | Political instability resulting from cultural diversity= (Main culprits are segregational state boundary lines and wars) |
| Boundary lines of newly independent states often have often been drawn to... | Segregate 2 ethnic groups= Because some intermingling among ethnicities inevitably occurs, members of an ethnic groups caught on the "wrong" side of a boundary may be forced to migrate to the other side |
| What have Wars done? | Forced large-scale migration of ethnic groups in the 20th/21st century (e.g. Europe and Africa) |
| Refugees | (According to UN) People who have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion= they have no home until another country agrees to allow them in, or improving conditions make possible a return to their former home= In the interim, they must camp out in tents, sleep in the streets, etc. |
| US Committee for Refuges | (Nonprofit organization independent of US government) Counted many refuges in need of aid= 2 largest groups of international refugees are Palestinians and Afghans |
| Palestinians | People who left Israel after the country was created in 1948 or those who left territories captured by Israel in 1967 |
| Afghans | Large # of refugees resulted from a quarter century of civil war that began with former Soviet Union invasion of country in 1979 |
| 2 largest groups of internal refugees are in... | Sudan and Colombia |
| Sudan | Many internal/international refugees caused by quarter-century long civil war between rebel armies in south and northern-based government forces= Religious/cultural disputes are intertwined in southerners' fight for autonomy |
| Columbia | Government battles with drug lords and with guerrillas promoting land/social reform have resulted in many refugees= Columbia has supplied 90% of the cocaine reaching US |
| Political Condition Push/Pull Factor | Act as a PULL factor especially the lure of freedom= People are attracted to democratic countries that encourage individual choice in education, career, and place of residence= Hard to disentangle from a push factor because the pull of democracy is normally accompanied by the push from a totalitarian country (EX: Berlin Wall= After election of democratic government in East Europe, desire to leave dropped= West Europe still attracts many for economic reasons) |
| Environmental Push/Pull Factors | People are pulled toward physically attractive regions and pushed from hazardous ones= In an age of improved communications and transportation systems, people can live in environmentally attractive areas that are remote and still not feel too isolated from society= People are pushed from their homes by adverse physical conditions |
| Attractive Environments for migrants: | Mountains, seasides, warm climates= Proximity to Rocky Mountains lures Americans to Colorado and Alps pull French to east France; Florida attracts many due to hot weather (1/3 of elderly who move from state to state choose Florida)= People with asthma, TB, bronchitis, and allergies are pulled to Arizona by dry desert climate (large migration there has ironically changed environment conditions= Pollen increased dramatically) |
| Why types of physical conditions push migrants from their homes? | Water (either too much/little) poses most common environmental threat= Many forced to move by water-related disasters because they live in a vulnerable area (i.e. floodplain) |
| Floodplain | The floodplain of a river is the area subject to flooding during a specific number of years (based on trends)= Many don't know that they live in a Floodplain and those who do know choose to still live there (EX: New Orleans and other Gulf Coast communities) |
| People living in the "100-Year Floodplain" can expect... | Flooding on average once every century |
| Sahel Region of Northern Africa | Many forced to leave due to severe droughts= People are mainly pastoral nomads (culture adapted to dry areas but effective ONLY at LOW population densities)= Sahel's capacity to sustain life has decreased due to increase in population |
| Intervening obstacle | Environmental/cultural feature that hinders migration= Is the reason why migrants may move to an area that is not their desired destination= In past, mainly environmental (EX: Before modern transportation, people migrated on foot= Was hard to migrate due to environment)= Bodies of water are also important |
| Intervening obstacle: Bodies of Water | Atlantic Ocean was challenge for European immigrants to North America= Many saved up money, East Europeans were duped (paid for journey to America but taken to other part of Europe) |
| Transportation Improvements and Intervening Obstacles | Transportation improvements that have promoted globalization (i.e. motor vehicle/airplane) have diminished the importance of environmental features as intervening obstacles |
| What intervening obstacles do today's migrants face? | Intervening obstacles created by local diversity in government and politics= A migrant needs a passport to legally emigrate from a country and a visa to legally immigrate to a new country |
| Distance of Migration | (Observations made by Ravenstein's theories) Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country= Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity |
| International Migration | (3% of world's population are international migrants) Permanent movement from one country to another= US is the country with the greatest number of international migrants |
| Internal Migration | Permanent movement within the same country= Is found to be less traumatic compared to international migration (because similar life/culture)= Moves are also shorter in distance than those in international migration (internal migration can still involve long-distance moves in large countries [EX: Russia and US]) |
| The farther away a place is located... | (Related to the "Distance-Decay Principle" principle) The less likely that people will migrate to it |
| Types of internal migration | Interregional Migration and Intraregional Migration |
| Interregional Migration | Movement from one region of a country to another= Main type has been from rural to urban areas in search of jobs (recently, developed countries have seen migration from urban to environmentally attractive rural areas) |
| Intraregional Migration | Movement within one region= Main type has been within urban areas (from older cities to newer suburbs) |
| Types of international migration | Forced and Voluntary |
| Voluntary Migration | (Type of international migration) Implies that the migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement= Are usually caused by economic push/pull factors |
| Forced Migration | (Type of international migration) Means that the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors= Usually caused by cultural factors |
| Migration Transition | (Identified by Wilbur Zelinsky) Consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition= Is a change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social nd economic changes that also produce the demographic transition= Says that international migration is typical of countries in stage 2 of demographic transition= Says internal migration is typical of countries in stages 3 and 4= Society in stage 1 is unlikely to migrate permanently to a new location (but does have high mobility) |
| Migration Transition: Stage 2 | International migration becomes important as well as interregional migration from one country's rural areas to its cities= Migration patterns are a consequence of technological change= Improvement in agricultural practices reduces the number of people needed in rural areas whereas jobs in factories attract migrants to the cities in another region of the same country or in another country |
| Migration Transition: Stage 3 and 4 | Societies in stage 3 and 4 are the destinations of the international migrants leaving the stage 2 countries in search of economic opportunities= Principal form of internal migration within stage 3 and 4 countries is intraregional (from cities to surrounding suburbs) |
| Characteristics of Migrants | (Ravenstein noted distinctive gender/family-status patterns) Most long-distance migrants are male and adult individuals (rather than families with children) |
| Gender of Migrants | Ravenstein though males were more likely than females to migrate long distance to other countries because searching for work was the main reason for international migration and males were much more likely than females to be employed (Held true for US immigrants [19th century, 55% male] but switched in 1990s [55% US immigrants are women]) |
| Mexican Immigrants who come to the US without proper immigration documents... | Are currently the largest group of US immigrants= 1980s, 85% were men but in 1990s, women have accounted for 1/2 of the undocumented immigrants from Mexico |
| What does the increased female-Mexican migration to the US reflect? | Changing role of women in Mexican society= In past, rural Mexican women had to marry at young age and remain in village to care for children= Now, some Mexican women are migrating to US to join husbands/brothers already in the US (but most are seeking JOBS)= Women also feel increased pressure to get a job in the US because of poor economic conditions in Mexico |
| Family Status of Migrants | Ravenstein believed that most long-distance migrants were young adults seeking work rather than children/elderly people= True with US (40% of immigrants are between ages 25 and 39 and immigrants are less likely to be elderly people [only about 5% of immigrants are over age 65)= Increasing % of US immigrants are children (16% under age 15) |
| What has caused the increase in children migrants to the US? | Is a result of the increase in women migrating to the US |
| Recent immigrants to the US and education | Have attended school for fewer years and are less likely to have high school diplomas than are US citizens (Typical undocumented Mexican has attended school for 4 years [less than average American but a year more than the average Mexican]) |
| The origin of Mexican immigrant to the US matches what? | The expectations of the migration transition and distance-decay theories= With Mexico in stage 2 of demographic transition, more than 3/4 of migrants are from rural areas= Destinations of choice in US are mainly states that border Mexico (California gets 1/2, Texas gets 1/5) |
| Where do most Mexican immigrants originate from? | Not from Mexico's northern states but from interior states far from the US border (as the distance decay theory would suggest) |
| What are the leading sources of Mexican migrants? | Guanajuato, Jalisco, Chihuahua, Zacatecas (only Chihuahua is on US border) |
| Residents of Mexico's border states are... | Less likely to migrate to US because jobs are relatively plentiful as a result of increased economic integration with the US |
| Most illegal Mexican immigrants have... | Jobs in their home villages but migrate to US to earn more money= Most work in agriculture and some work in clothing= Still, people prefer to get little money for much work compared to living in terrible conditions= Most have little trouble finding work in US (some employers like to hire immigrants who do not have visas that permit them to work in US because they can pay lower wages and do not have to provide healthcare)= Unhappy workers can be threatened with deportation/being fired |
| Why does the flow of Mexican immigrants vary throughout the year? | Because farm work is seasonal= Greatest # of Mexicans head north to US ini autumn and return home in spring= The $ brought back by seasonal migrants is the primary source of income for many Mexican villages (and the $ is removed from US economy)= During the winter, these villages may be inhabited almost entirely by women/children |
| Global Migration Patterns | Asia, Latin America, and Africa have net out-migration= North America, Europe, and Oceania have net-in migration |
| What are the 3 largest flows of migrants? | Migrants to Europe from Asia and to North America from asia and from Latin America= In-Migration occurs from Europe to North America and from Asia to Oceania= Lower levels of net migration occur from Latin America to Oceania and from Africa to Europe, North America, and Oceania |
| What does the global migration pattern show? | Reflects the importance of migration from less developed countries to more developed countries |
| Migrants from countries with low income and high natural increase rates head for... | Wealthy countries where job prospects are brighter |
| US population: immigrants | (Comprise 12% of US population) Contains 35 million immigrants= 1/2 of these immigrants were born in Latin America and 1/4 in Asia= More than 1/2 of Latin American immigrants came from Mexico= US contains largest number of immigrants but has a smaller % of immigrants than other less populous countries |
| Where can he highest % of immigrants be found? | In the Middle East (1/2 of the region's total population)= These countries and other petroleum-exporting countries of the Middle East attract immigrants from porrer Middle Eastern countries and from Asia to perform many of the dirty and dangerous functions in the oil fields |
| 3 Eras of Immigration in the US | FIRST= initial settlement of colonies; SECOND= Began in mid-19th century and culminated in early 20th century; THIRD= Began in 1970s and continues today= The eras have drawn immigrants from different regions |
| 1st Era of US Immigration | Most immigrants were English or African slaves |
| 2nd Era of US Immigration | Almost all were European |
| 3rd Era of US Immigration | More than 3/4 were from Latin America and Asia |
| Why have people migrated to the US? | (Although origins vary, migration reasons are same) Rapid population growth limited prospects for economic advancement at home= Europeans left when countries entered stage 2 and Latin Americans and Asians began to leave recently after their countries entered stage 2 (but European immigrants saw a different America than present day immigrants) |
| Colonial Immigration for England and Africa | Most Africans were forced to migrate to US as slaves while most Europeans were voluntary migrants (although harsh economic conditions and persecution in Europe blurred distinction between forced and voluntary migration for many Europeans)= Majority of European immigrants from Great Britain= Most African Americans were forced to migrated as slaves (many were shipped as slaves to the 13 colonies b British [slave importation made illegal in 1808 but still continued]) |
| 19th-Century Immigration from Europe | Most went to US (remainder went to temperate climates of Canada, etc.)= For European migrants, US offered greatest opportunity for economic success (immigrants encouraged family at home to migrate)= Germany has sent the most immigrants= 1/4 of Americans trace ancestry to German immigrants and 1/8 to Irish and English immigrants)= Frequent boundary changes in Europe make precise national counts impossible |
| First peak of European Immigration | Level of immigration to US surged during 1840s and 1850s (2 times as many than past)= 1840s and 1850s, 95% of all US immigrants came from Northern and Western Europe (2/5 from Ireland and 1/3 from Germany)= Desperate economic ush factors compelled the Irish and Germans to cross Atlantic= Germans migrated to escape from political unrest as well as from poor economic conditions |
| Second peak of European Immigration | US immigration declined during 1860s due to Civil War but began to increase in 1870s= Immigration reached second peak in 1880s (more than 1/2 million immigrants per year)= Most came from Northern and Western Europe (1/3 German, and Irish still constituted large %)= Other countries in Northern/Western Europe sent increasing # of migrants (Scandinavian countries of Norway and Sweden= Caused because industrial revolution reached these countries and thus population grew rapidly because they entered stage 2 [was harder to get work]= Those who could not find land to farm at home [such as those whose older siblings got their parents land] migrated to cities but some decide to migrate elsewhere) |
| Third Peak of European Immigration | Economic problems in US discouraged immigration during early 1890s but later reached 3rd peak (million immigrants per year) and the record was in 1907 (1.3 million per year)= More than 90% were European (but instead of coming from Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany, msot came from countries that previously had sent few people [1/4 from Italy, Russia, and Austria-Hungary)= Immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe in early 20th century for same reasons Northern/Western Europeans migrated previously= Shift in the main source of immigrants coincided with diffusion of the industrial revolution from Northern and Western Europe to Southern and Eastern Europe= Populations thus grew and work was harder to find)= Recent immigrants comprise more than 20% of population in northeastern states (across a northern tier between Michigan and Montana and along the Pacific Coast) |
| Recent Immigration from Less Developed Regions | Immigration to US dropped in 1930s and 1940s during Great Depression and WWII (during time, # of immigrants leaving US exceeded incoming immigrants)=Latin America and Asia have provided most of recent US immigrants |
| Immigration from Asia | During 19th/20th Century 1 million Asians came to US (from China, Turkey, and Japan)= Last quarter of 20th century, many came= Asia was leading source of immigrants between the late 1970s and 1980s until overtaken by Latin America= 4 Leading sources of Asian immigrants have been China, Philippines, India, and Vietnam (together, accounted for 2/3 of all Asian immigrants) |
| Canada's Immigrants | Takes in 50% more immigrants per capita than does US= Asians also comprise more than 40% of Canadian immigrants (but compared to US, Canada receives higher % of Europeans and lower % of Latin Americans) |
| Immigration from Latin America | Mexico passed Germany in 2006 as the country that has sent to the US the most immigrants ever (Because of large # of undocumented immigrants, Mexico became the leading source during the 1980s)= Dominican Republic is second leading source of immigrants from Latin America during past quarter century followed by El Salvador |
| 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act= What was it and what was the result? | Issued visas to many people who entered US in past years without legal documents= Resulted in extremely high # of immigrants from Latin America in early 1990s= US in 1991 admitted more immigrants than any other year in history |
| Pattern and reason for US immigration | Pattern has changed from European to Asian to Latin American= Reasons have been same (economic opportunity)= Europeans came because they saw US as place to escape from pressures of land shortage and rapid population increase (similar for Asian and Latin Americans) |
| What did the closing of the American Frontier Symbolize? | No more space to accommodate an unlimited number of immigrants |
| Impact of Immigration on US | Population built up from emigration from Africa and England primarily during 18th century, from Europe during 19th century, and from Latin America and Asia ruing 20th century= 21st century immigration impact varies around country |
| When did era of massive European migration to US end? | Ended with start of WWI in 1914 because the war involved the most important source countries (like Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, US)= Level of European emigration has steadily declined since then= Europeans accounted for 1/4 of all US immigrants in 1970s and 1/7 since 1980 |
| What pushed Europe into Stage 2 of Demographic Transition? Result? | Rapid population growth in Europe fueled emigration (especially after 1800)= Application of new technologies spawned by industrial revolution (i.e. public health, medicine, food) produced rapid decline in death rate and pushed much of Europe into stage 2 (high growth rate)= As population increased, many Europeans found limited opportunities for economic advancement |
| What did some European governments do to promote more efficient agriculture? | Forced consolidation of many small farms into larger units |
| Historically, describe family farms | Often had to be divided among many relatives and the average farm was becoming too small to be profitable |
| Enclosure Movement | (Name given in England to the consolidation policy) Forced many people to emigrate from rural areas= Displaced farmers could choose to work in factories in large cities or migrate to US or other country where farmland was plentiful |
| When Europe's population began to increase rapidly because of the industrial revolution, what was the US to Europe? | US was Europe's safety valve= Migration to the US drained off some of Europe's growth= RESULT: People remaining in Europe enjoyed more of the economic and social benefits from the industrial revolution |
| Present day European Countries: Describe | Most European countries now have very low natural increase rates (stage 4) and economies capable of meeting needs of their people= Countries (like Germany, Italy, Ireland) that once sent many people annually to the US now send few= The safety valve is no longer needed |
| European Migration: Effect on world culture | Like all migrants, Europeans brought their cultural heritage to their new homes= Because of migration, Indo-European languages are now spoken by 1/2 of world's people and Christianity (which is Europe's most prevalent religion) has the world's largest # of adherents= European art/music/etc. has also diffused throughout world |
| Regions that were sparsely inhabited prior to European immigration have become what? What are those regions? | Those regions (like North America and Australia) have become closely integrated into Europe's cultural traditions= Distinctive European political structures/economic systems have diffused to these regions |
| Europeans planted the seeds of conflict by migrating to what types of areas? Why? | Europeans planted seeds of conflict by migrating to regions that have large indigenous populations (especially in Africa and Asia)= Europeans often imposed political domination on existing populations and injected their cultural values with little regard for local traditions |
| Because of European immigration, the economies in Africa and Asia became... | Based on extracting resources for export to Europe rather than on using those resources to build local industry |
| Where did European migrants establish plantations? What did they grow and why? Describe situation | In more tropical climates (especially in Latin America and Asia), European migrants established plantations that grew cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco for sale back in Europe= Europeans owned most of the plantations but few worked on them (instead most of the workers were native Asians or Latin Americas or were slaves from Africa) |
| Many of today's conflicts in former European colonies result from... | Past practices by European immigrants such as drawing arbitrary boundary lines and discriminating among different local ethnic groups |
| Present day immigration to US | Legal immigration to US has reached highest level since the early 20th century yet the # of people who wish to migrate to the US is much higher than the quotas permit |
| Undocumented Immigrants | (a.k.a. Unauthorized immigrants) Those who cannot legally enter the US and thus immigrate illegally (i.e. are entering the US without proper documents) |
| Currently, how many undocumented immigrants migrate into the US without proper documents? | No one knows amount= The Urban Institute estimated around 9.3 million (5.3 mill from Mexico, 2.2 mill from other Latin American countries, 1 mill from Asia, 1/2 mill from Europe and Canada, 1/2 mill from rest of world)= Pew Hispanic Center estimated higher level of 11.1 mill in 2005 and between 11.5 and 12 mill in 2006 |
| The Pew Hispanic Center's 2005 estimate of undocumented immigrants | Included 5.4 mill adult males, 3.9 mill adult females, 1.8 mill children= Also, 3.1 mill children who were US citizens were living in families with an adult who was an unauthorized immigrant= Also found that 40% of the unauthorized immigrants had been in US for 5 years or less, 26% between 5 and 10 years, and 34% more than 10 years |
| Why do people enter/remain in US without authorization? | Because they want to work but do not have permission to do so from the government |
| According to the Pew Hispanic Center, how many of the 11.1 million unauthorized immigrants in 2005 were employed? | 7.2 million were employed, accounting for 5% of the total US civilian labor force= Constituted 24% of workers in farming, 17% in cleaning, 14% in construction, and 12% in food preparation |
| What 2 choices do foreigners who fail to get work visas have if they still wish to work in the US? | Approximately 1/2 of the undocumented residents legally enter the country as students/tourists and then remain after they are supposed to leave= The other 1/2 simply slip across the boarder without showing a passport and visa to a boarder guard |
| Describe: US-Mexican Border and crossing it illegally | Crossing the border illegally is not hard= Guards heavily patrol official boarder crossings (most are located in urban areas [e.g. El Paso, Texas, San Diego, California] or along highways)= However, boarder is 2,000 miles long, is broken in many places, and runs through sparsely inhabited regions that are guarded by few agents= Actually finding the border is hard in some remote areas |
| Joint US-Mexican International Boundary and Water Commission | Responsible for keeping official maps (thus makes finding border hard)= Is responsible for making the border by maintaining 276 6-foot-tall iron monuments and 440 15-inch-tall markers |
| Once in US, how do undocumented immigrants become "documented"? | By purchasing cheap forged documents (25$) including a birth certificate, alien registration card, and social security number |
| What happens to the minority of illegal immigrants who are caught? | The US Department of Homeland Security have captured an average of 1.3 million undocumented immigrants per year since 1980= More than 90% of those apprehended have been Mexicans= To save time and money, border patrols escort most of them out of country (however the overwhelming majority simply retrace their steps and recross the border) |
| Americans' opinion of undocumented migration? | Most recognize that they take jobs that no one else wants and a majority would support some type of work-related program to make them legal= However, many would like more effective border patrols so fewer aliens can get into country |
| 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act | Tried to reduce flow of illegal immigrants to US= Under the law, aliens who could prove that they lived in US continuously between 1982 and 1987 could become permanent resident aliens and apply for US citizenship after 5 years= Seasonal agricultural workers could also qualify for permanent residence and citizenship |
| 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act: What happened after it passed | Only 1.3 million agricultural workers and 1.8 million others applied for permanent residence (far fewer than gov. officials estimated)= Other undocumented residents feared that if their applications were rejected, they would be deported= Many of those who got permanent residence were later found to have purchased fraudulent papers on the black market |
| 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act: What did it do in terms of further illegal immigration? | Discouraged further illegal immigration by making it harder for recent immigrants to get jobs without proper documentation= An employer must verify that a newly hired worker can legally work in the US and may be fined/imprisoned for hiring an undocumented worker |
| Distribution of recent immigrants | Not distributed uniformly through US= More than 1/2 are clustered in 4 states including more than 1/4 in California and more than 1/4 in New York, Florida, and Texas |
| Entry points for aliens | Costal states were once main entry points because most aliens arrived by ship= Today, most arrive by motor vehicle/airplane but coastal states continue to attract migrants= California and Texas are 2 most popular states for entry of motor vehicles from Mexico (and these states have the countries busiest airports for international arrivals) |
| Aliens show a similar pattern in that... | 1/4 are in California, 1/4 are in Texas or Florida, 1/4 are in New York, Arizona, Illinois, Georgia, New Jersey= Remaining 1/4 are in the other 43 states |
| Undocumented immigration is relatively high in states that... | Are relatively accessible to Mexico (where more than 90% originate) |
| Who do individual states attract? Examples | Immigrants from different countries= Immigrants from Mexico go to California, Texas, Illinois= Immigrants from Caribbean island countries go to New York or Florida= Chinese and Indiands immigrate to New YOrk or California (and other Asians immigrate to California) |
| Immigration patters are based on what? | Proximity influences some decisions but is not a factor for others (e.g. Poles to Illinois; Iranians to California)= Immigrants cluster in communities where people from the same country previously settled= Job prospects also affect states that immigrants go to |
| Chain Migration | Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there |
| Why has/does the South and West attract a large % of immigrants? | Because the regions have had more rapid growth in jobs than the Northeast or Midwest |
| Why have many immigrants migrated to Midwest recently? Who are they? | Many immigrants especially Mexicans have migrated to Midwest to take industrial jobs shunned by Americans (such as in meatpacking and related food processing) |
| What was the principal obstacle traditionally faced by migrants of other countries? What are the obstacles now? | The long/dangerous/expensive passage over land/by sea= Today, cars/planes bring immigrants quickly/safely= Major obstacles faced by current immigrants begin after they arrive at their desired destination |
| What 2 difficulties do immigrants face? | Gaining permission to enter a new country and hostile attitudes of citizens once they enter the new country |
| What 2 policies have been adopted by countries to which work-seeking immigrants desire to migrate? | US uses a quota system to limit the # of foreign citizens who can migrate permanently to the country and obtain work= Other major recipients of immigrants (especially in Western Europe and Middle East) permit guest workers to work temporarily but not stay permanently |
| When did the era of unrestricted immigration to the US end? | When Congress passed the Quota Act in 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924= These laws established quotas |
| Quotas | Maximum limits on the # of people who can immigrate to the US from each country during a 1-year period= Said that for each country that had native-born persons already living in the US, 2% of their number (based on the 1910 census) could immigrate each year= System remained until 1960s |
| The Quota limited the number of immigrants from what area(s)? | Limited # from Eastern Hemisphere to 150,000 per year (virtually all of whom had to be from Europe) |
| What were quota laws designed to do? | Ensure that most immigrants to US continued to be Europeans= Although Asians never accounted for more than 5% of immigrants during late 19th and early 20th centuries, many Americans were alarmed at idea of many Asians flooding into US (especially to states along the Pacific Coast) |
| Following passage of the Immigration Act of 1965... | Quotas for individual countries were eliminated in 1968 and replaced with HEMISPHERE QUOTAS |
| Hemisphere Quotas | Annual # of US immigrants was restricted to 170,000 from Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from Western Hemisphere |
| In 1978, the hemisphere quotas were replaced with what? | Global Quota of 290,000 (including a max of 20,000 per country) |
| The current immigration law has a global quota of... | 620,000 with no more than 7% from one country (but many exceptions/qualifications heavily alter the limit) |
| Because # of applicants for admission to US far exceeds the current quotas... | Congress has set preferences= Current law permits up to 480,000 family-sponsored immigrants plus 140,000 employment-related immigrants (with many exceptions)= About 3/4 of the immigrants are admitted to reunify families, primarily spouses or unmarried children of people already living in the US (the typical wait for a spouse to get in is 5 years)= Many siblings/relatives of noncitizens are admitted (although chance of being selected is as slim as winning the lottery)= Skilled workers and exceptionally talented professionals get most of remaining 1/4 of visas= Others are admitted by lottery under a diversity category to people from countries that historically sent few people to US |
| To whom does the quota not apply? | Refugees (are admitted if they are judged genuine refugees)= Spouses, children, and parents of US citizens are admitted without limit= These 2 groups are the main reason why the # of immigrants to US varies from year to year (because # in these groups are unpredictable) |
| Asians and the current quota laws | Have made good use of the priorities set by the laws |
| How do many Asians gain access into the US? | Many well-educated Asians enter US under the preference for skilled workers= Once admitted, they can bring in relatives under the family-reunification provisions of the quota= These immigrants can later bring in a wider ranger of other relatives from Asia through a process of chain migration |
| Some of today's immigrants to the US and Canada are poor people... | Pushed from their homes by economic desperation but most are young, well-educated people lured to economically growing countries |
| Immigrant scientists, researchers, doctors, and other professionals migrate to countries where... | They can make better use of their abilities= After earning a Ph.D., young scholars find more teaching positions available at American universities than at home |
| Some countries say that by giving preference to skilled workers, immigration policies in the US and Europe do what? Example | Contribute to a brain drain= The World Bank found that the percentage of citizens with a college education who lived abroad in 2005 was 84% in Haiti, 47% in Ghana, 45% in Mozambique, 30-some% in Kenya, Laos, etc. |
| Brain Drain | A Large-scale emigration by talented people |
| Who are sometimes allowed to migrate temporarily? Example | People unable to migrate permanently to a new country for employment opportunities= Prominent forms of temporary-work migrants include guest workers in Europe and the Middle East and time-contract workers in Asia |
| Guest Workers | Citizens of poor countries who get jobs in Western Europe and Middle East |
| Describe Guest Workers in Europe | Are protected by minimum-wage laws, labor union contracts, other support programs= Foreign-born workers comprise more than 1/2 of labor force in Luxembourg, 1/6 in Switzerland, 1/10 in Austria/Belgium/Germany= 700,000 immigrants enter Europe legally annually plus 500,000 illegally |
| Are guest workers important in Western Europe? Why/why not | Yes because they take low-status and low-skilled jobs that local residents won't accept (EX: In Berlin, Brussels, Paris, and Zurich they provide essential services like driving buses, collecting garbage, repairing streets, washing dishes) |
| European Guest Workers: $ | Although low paid by European standards, they make much more $ than they would at home |
| In what way does economy of guest worker's native country benefit? | By letting their people work elsewhere, poorer countries reduce their own unemployment problems= Workers also help native country by sending a large % of their earnings back home to their families= The injection of foreign currency then stimulates local economy |
| Obtaining work permits in the UK | United Kingdom severely restricts ability of foreigners to get work permits |
| Why is British policy complicated? | By the legacy of country's former worldwide empire= When some of UK's former colonies were granted indep., residents could choose to remain British citizens or become citizens of new country= Many former colonials in India, Ireland, Pakistand, and West Indies retained their British citizenship and eventually moved to UK= However, spouses/other family members who are citizens of the new countries do not have the right to come to Britain |
| Where do most guest workers in Europe come from? | North Africa, Middle East, Eastern Europe, Asia |
| What distinct migration routes have of guest workers have emerged among the exporting and importing countries in Europe? | Turkey sends many to Northern Europe (especially to Germany as a result of government agreements)= Guest workers in France come from former French colonies in North Africa (like Algeria and Morocco) |
| What was the largest movement of guest workers from one country to another within Europe? | Turkey sending guest workers to Northern Europe, mainly Germany= 3/4 of a million Turks are employed in Germany |
| How did many Asians migrate in the 19th century? | As time contract laborers, recruited for fixed period to work in mines or on plantations= When contracts expired, many settled permanently in the new country |
| Where do many ethnic Chinese currently/permanently live? | In other countries, for the most part in Asia= Chines comprise 3/4 of the population in Singapore, 1/3 in Malaysia, and 1/10 in Thailand= Most migrants were from southeastern China |
| Chinese migration patterns | Vary among ethnic groups of Chinese |
| Why have many people in Asia recently immigrated illegally? Example | To find work in other countries= # of illegal foreign workers in Taiwan range from 20,000 to 70,000 (most are Filipinos, Thais, and Malaysians who are attracted by employment in textile manufacturing, construction, and other industries) |
| Economic status of illegal foreign workers in Taiwan | These immigrants accept 1/2 pay demanded by Taiwanese (for the level is much higher than what they are likely to get at home if they could even find employment) |
| Migrants seeking economic opportunities VS refugees fleeing from the persecution of an undemocratic government | hard to distinguish between them= Has been very hard to distinguish for emigrants from Cuba, Haiti, and Vietnam= Distinguishing between economic migrants and refugees is important because the US, Canada, and Western European countries treat the 2 differently |
| Treatment of Economic Migrants | Generally not admitted to US/Canada/Western European countries unless they have special skills/a close relative already there (even then, they still must compete with similar applicants from other countries) |
| Treatment of Refugees | Get special priority in admission to other countries |
| US Government's view of emigrants from Cuba | Seen as political refugees since the 1959 revolution that brought Communist government of Fidel Castro to power= US gov. has prevented companies from buying/selling in Cuba and Cuba has been excluded from cooperative organizations of Western Hemisphere countries= Following the revolution, many Cubans were admitted to US (largest number settled in southern Florida where they have succeeded) |
| Under Fidel Castro's leadership... | Cuban gov. took control of privately owned banks/factories/farms and jailed political opponents of the gov. |
| When/why did a second flood of Cuban emigrants go to US in 1980? | Fidel Castro suddenly decided to permit political prisoners/criminals/mental patients to leave the country= Many left to seek political asylum in US (a migration stream that became known as the MARIEL BOATLIFT) |
| Mariel Boatlift | Name given to migrational stream of Cubans seeking political asylum in US= Named for the port from which the Cubans were allowed to embark= To reach US, most crossed 125 mile Straits of Florida in small boats (many were weak and capsized)= When Cubans already living in Florida learned about Castro's new policies, many sailed from US to Cuba, found their relatives, and returned to Florida with them |
| US response to 2nd wave of Cuban refugees | US officials unprepared for sudden influx= Most Cubans were processed at Key West, Florida, and transferred to camps= Officials found families/social service agencies willing to sponsor the refugees= Sponsors were expected to provide food/shelter and help the people secure jobs= Many refugees quickly found sponsors but those who didn't lived in army camps/temporary settlements |
| Result of 2nd Cuban influx | 1987, US agreed to permit 20,000 Cubans per year to migrate to US and Cuba agreed to the return of 2,500 criminals/mental patients who came in 1980 Mariel boatlift |
| Why did many Haitians sail in small vessels for the US after the 1980 Mariel Boatlift from Cuba? | Under dictatorship of Francois Duvalier (Papa Doc) and son Jean-Claude Duvalier (Baby Doc) the Haitian gov. persecuted its political opponents like the Cubans did= US gov., however, drew a distinction between the governments of the 2 Caribbean countries since Castro was an ally of the Soviet Union |
| US response to Haitian refugees/migrants and Haitian response to US response | Claimed that they migrated for $ advancement an no political asylum= Thus US immigration officials would NOT let the Haitians aboard the bats stay in US= However, Haitians sewed US gov. saying that if Cubans were admitted, they should be too (case was settled with US agreeing to admit Haitians) |
| 1991 Haitian coup | Replaced Haiti's elected president (Jean-Bertrand Aristide) with military leaders= Many fled and headed to US Guantanamo Bay naval base in southeastern Cuba (100 miles across the WIndward Passage from Haiti)= Once at Guantanamo, Haitians could apply as refugees for migration to US mainland (also, Haitians picked up by US Coast Guard from boats drifting in the WIndward Passage were eligible to claim political asylum in US) |
| Result/Response to 1991 Haitian refugees | US Immigration officials recognized claim of political persecution made by Haitians but US State Department decided that most left Haiti for economic and not political reasons |
| What was US and UN response to 1991 Haitian coup? Result | US invaded Haiti in 1994 to reinstate Aristide as president and UN peacekeeping force was later sent to ensure democratic elections= RESULT: Although political persecution had subsided, many Haitians still try to migrate to US (reinforcing view that economic factors may always have been important in emigration from the Western Hemisphere's poorest country) |
| Emigrants from Vietnam following end of Vietnam War | War ended when Communist controlled North Vietnam captured South Vietnam's capital city of Saigon= US had supported gov. of South Vietnam and evacuated from Saigon many people who had been closely identified with the American position during the war and who were thus vulnerable to persecution after the Communist victory |
| Boat People | Name given to those pro-US Southern Vietnamese who were not politically important enough to be evacuated by US militia who tried to leave by boat (since fleeing overland to neighboring Cambodia/China/Laos was not attractive because of Communist domination/political unrest in those countries)= They drifted into the South China Sea hoping to be saved by US Navy |
| US Naval Officers reaction to the Boat People | Wanted to save them but hesitated because of US law (once taken on board, the boat people would technically be on US territory and could apply for admission to the US as refugees)= This would be unfair to the others who were waiting for the US gov. to consider their claims for admission as refugees= Thus, some boat people were not allowed to board navy ships |
| Second Surge of Vietnamese boat people in 1980s | Their most popular destinations were Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Thailand whit smaller # sailing to Indonesia, Philippines, and Singapore= As memories of Vietnam War faded, these countries no longer considered boat people as refugees (except for a few who could prove that they had been victims of specific incidents of political persecution)= Thailand particularly pushed Vietnamese boats back out to sea |
| What happened to most of the Vietnamese boat people who were judged refugees? | According to an international agreement, most were transferred to other places (especially the US, Canada, Australia, France) |
| What happened to most of the Vietnamese boat people who were judged economic migrants? | (Majority of boat people were considered economic migrants) Were placed in detention camps surrounded by barbed wire and patrolled by armed soldiers (camps later closed in 1996 and the remaining boat people were sent back to Vietnam) |
| Push and Pull factors for immigrants migrating to US | Pull of economic opportunity in the US is a greater incentive than the push of political persecution |
| For immigrants, does admission to another country end their problems? | No= Citizens of host country may dislike newcomers' cultural differences= Politicians also exploit immigrants as scapegoats for local economic problems |
| American attitude/opinion of immigrants in 19th century | Always regarded them with suspicion but controlled dislike since they helped to settle the frontier and extend US's control across the continent (EX: European immigrants converted the forests and prairies of the vast North American interior into productive farms) |
| American attitude/opinion of immigrants in 20th century | Most Americans believed that frontier had closed and the gates to the US therefore partially closed also |
| When did opposition to immigration increase? | When majority of immigrants ceased to come from Northern and Western Europe |
| German and Irish immigrants in the 19th century... | Suffered some prejudice from so-called "Native Americans" (who had in reality arrived only a few years earlier from Britain) |
| Italians, Russians, Poles, and other Southern and Eastern Europeans who poured into the US in 1900... | Faced much more hostility than northern/western Europeans |
| Government study in 1911 on immigrants to US | Study reflected popular attitudes when it concluded that immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe were racially inferior, "inclined toward violent crime," resisten assimilation, and "drove old-stock citizens out of some lines of work" |
| What changes with respect to racism, prejudice, fear of unknown groups, etc.? | There is nothing new about racism, prejudice, etc. but only the players on the stage change |
| Recently, hostile citizens in California and other states toward immigrants voted to... | Deny undocumented immigrants access to most public services (like schools, day-care centers, health clinics)= Laws have been hard to enforce and are doubtfully constitutional= Their enactment reflects unwillingness of Americans to help needy immigrants |
| Attitudes and treatment of guest workers in Europe | Suffer from poor social conditions |
| Describe the guest worker | Typically a man who arrives alone in a city= Has little money for food/housing/entertainment because his primary objective is to send hom as much money as possible (likely to use any surplus money for a railway ticket home for the weekend)= Far from friends/family and can lead a lonely life= Isolation is increased by being unfamiliar with the host country's language/distinctive cultural activities= Many spend leisure time at local railway station (where they can buy native language newspapers, mingle with other guest workers, and meet people who have just arrived by train from home) |
| Both guest workers and their host countries agree that... | The arrangement is temporary= In reality, many guest workers actually stay forever especially if they are joined by other family members |
| Some guest workers apply their savings to what? Why is this important in Europe | Starting a grocery store, restaurant, or other small shop= These businesses can fill a need in European cities by remaining open on weekends and evenings when most locally owned establishments are closed |
| Western European opinion of guest workers | Dislike them and oppose government programs to improve their conditions= Political parties that support restrictions on immigration have gained support in France, Germany, and other European countries and attacks by local citizens on immigrants have increased |
| Middle East opinion of guest workers | Petroleum-exporting countries fear that the growing # of guest workers will spark political unrest and abandonment of traditional Islamic customs |
| What happened to guest workers following the 1991 Gulf War? | Kuwaiti officials expelled many Palestinian guest workers who had sympathized with Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 |
| What have other host countries in the Middle East done to minimize long-term stays of migrant workers? | Force migrants to return home if they wish to marry and prevent them from returning once they have wives and children |
| What has enabled Middle Eastern and Western European countries to reduce their # of guest workers recently? | Lower economic growth rates= Many Western European governments pay guest workers to return home but some of countries have own unemployment problems and sometimes refuse to take back own nationals |
| How has migration by Asians a long time ago producing problems in many countries? | Between 1879 and 1920, British brought Indians as indentured laborers to the Fiji Islands in the South Pacific= Fiji presently includes more Indians than native Fijians= For long time, Fiji was model of how 2 culturally diverse groups could live together peacefully under a democratically elected government= Indians controlled most of country's businesses while Fijians dominated the gov. and army= However, after an Indian party won elections in 1987, rioting broke out between the 2 groups and Fijian army officers took temporary control of the gov.= New constitution in 1990 ensured that Fijians would hold a majority of seats in the parliament |
| What is the argument made by anti-immigrant politicians? | (Argument is seductive to many voters in Western Europe and US) If all immigrants were thrown out of country, then unemployment rate would drop, and if all immigrants were cut off from public programs, then taxes would drop |
| Internal vs. International Migration | Internal migration is less disruptive= International migration involves movement to a country with different cultural traditions (i.e. language/religion)= Migration among culturally similar countries can be disorienting in less profound ways (i.e. major sports/popular tv shows) |
| 2 main types of internal migration | Interregional and intraregional |
| Principal type of interregional migration is... | Between rural and urban areas |
| Principal type of intraregional migration is... | From older cities to suburbs (many more people move within the same region than they do from region to region) |
| Interregional Migration: US | Happened more in past when most people were farmers= Lack of farmland pushed many people from the more densely settled regions of the country and lured them to the frontier where land was abundant |
| Today, most people move to new regions... | For better jobs (some move for noneconomic reasons) |
| What is the most famous example of large-scale internal migration? | The opening of the American West= US once consisted of collection of settlements concentrated on the Atlantic Coast but through mass interregional migration, the interior of the continent was settled and developed |
| US Census Bureau | Computes the country's population center at the time of each census |
| Population Center | Is the average location of everyone in the country (the center of population gravity [if US was flat plane on top of a pin and all people weighed the same, population center is spot where population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the pin]) |
| The changing location of the population center graphically shows... | March of the American people across North American continent over past 200 years= When first US census was taken [1790] the population center was located in the Chesapeake Bay= Throughout Colonial period, population center remained in same place= This location reflects fact that all settlements were near the Atlantic Coast |
| Why did few colonists venture far from coastal locations? | They depended on shipping links with Europe to get products and to export raw materials= Settlement in interior was also hindered by the Appalachian Mountains (blocked western development because of their steep slopes, thick forests, and few gaps that allowed easy passage [hostile Indians also hindered western settlement]) |
| By 1830, where did the center of population move to? Why? | (Interior settlement began after 1790) Moved west of Moorefield, West Virginia= Motivated by opportunity to get much land at low cost, people moved into river valleys and fertile level lowlands as far west as the Mississippi River |
| Transportation and interior settlement/development | Transportation improvements helped open interior in 1800s especially the building of canals |
| Erie Canal | Enabled people to travel cheaply by boat between NY City and Great Lakes= Opened in 1825 and fare from NY to Detroit was only $10= However, traffic was so ban on canal that tolls paid for construction costs within 9 years= Diffusion of steam-powered boats further speeded water travel |
| Where did the US population center move to after 1830? | Moved west more rapidly to just west of Cincinnati, Ohio in 1880= Population center moved 7 miles per year during that period compared to only 4 miles per year during the previous 40 years= Population center moved west quickly because most western pioneers during mid-19th century passed through the interior of the country on their way to California |
| Describe the continuous westward advance of settlement during the 19th century | Stopped at the 98th meridian= Many migrants passed through interior without stopping, in part because they were pulled to California (especially by Gold Rush starting in late 1840s)= Also, the interior confronted early settlers with a physical environment that was unsuited to familiar agricultural practices |
| Early 19th century Americans preferred to start farms in... | Forested areas that got 40 inches or more rain a year= They cut down tress and used the wood to build homes/barns/fences= When they crossed west of 98th meridian, there was few trees and huge grasslands that averaged less than 20 inches of rain a year |
| Reaction to interior's dry and treeless landscape | Without technology to overcome dry climate, lack of trees, and tough grassland sod, early explorers (like Zebulon Pike) declared region unfit for farming= Maps labeled region west of 98th meridian as the Great American Desert (however, with today's agricultural practices, the region west of the 98th meridian to the Rocky Mountains [i.e. Great Plains] is one of world's richest farming areas) |
| US Population Center after 1880 | Continued to migrate westward at a much slower pace (moved 3 miles per year between 1880 and 1950 [less than 1/2 rate of previous 1/2 century]) |
| Why did westward movement of the US population center slow after 1880? | Because large-scale migration to East Coast from Europe offset some of migration from East Coast to US West= Also slowed because people began to fill in the area between the 98th meridian and California that earlier generations bypassed |
| What enabled cultivation of the Great Plains? | Advances in agricultural technology= Farmers used barbed wire to reduce dependence on wood fencing, the steel plow to cut the thick sod, and windmills/well-drilling equipment to pump more water |
| Railroads and western settlement | Expansion of railroads encouraged western settlement beginning in 1840s= By 1880s, extensive rail system allowed settlers on Great Plains to transport their products to the large concentrations of customers in East Coast cities= Railroad companies promoted western settlement by selling land to farmers= Companies that built the railroad lines got large land grants from fed. gov. and the railroad companies, in turn, financed construction of the lines by selling small parcels of the adjacent land to farmers= Rail companies established offices in major East Coast and European cities to sell land |
| Population center from 1950 to 1980? 2000? | Moved west faster at 6 miles per year= 1980 population center, for first time in US history, jumped west of Mississippi River= 2000, center had migrated west of Mississippi River into south-central Missouri's Phelps County |
| Why did population center drift southward during late 20th century? | Because of net migration into southern states= During 1980-90s, 5 million people a year moved into South from Northeast/Midwest/West compared to only 2 million who moved out of the South |
| Why did people move to the South? | Job opportunities (since 1960, south has had the biggest average in new jobs created)= People also migrated to the South for environmental reasons (South is referred to as the "sunbelt")= As people get more leisure time, they are attracted to the sunbelt for outdoor recreation throughout the year |
| Southern environment VS Northern environment | South called "Sunbelt" because of its temperate climate while the Northeast and Midwest are called the "Rustbelt" because of the regions' dependency on declining steel and other manufacturing industries (as well as the ability of the regions' climate to rust out cars quickly) |
| Result of the rapid growth in population and employment of the South | Aggravated interregional antagonism= Some in Northeast/Midwest believe that southern states have stolen industries from them (in reality, some industries have relocated from the Northeast and Midwest but most of the South's industrial growth comes from newly made companies) |
| In what way has the regional difference in economic growth between South and rest of country reduced a historical imbalance? | In past, people in Northeast enjoyed higher income than people in South= Average incomes in south are currently 1/5 lower than those in the Northeast (however, in 1960, average incomes were 1/3 lower in South than in Northeast and in 1929, the beginning of the Great Depression, average incomes were 2/3 lower in the south) |
| Describe net migration pattern of African Americans in the US | Most blacks lived in South (because ancestors had been forced to region from Africa)= During 20th century, many migrated from South to take jobs in large cities of Northeast/Midwest/West= During 1990s, blacks migrated from North to South and from South to North in equal numbers while North to South migration was much higher for whites= (other interregional migration patters for blacks and Hispanics now differ little from those of whites) |
| US interregional migration in the 21st century | Has slowed down a lot= Net migration between each pair of regions is now close to zero |
| US regional differences in employment prospects in 21st century | Have become less dramatic= Most new jobs are in the service sector of the economy and thus jobs are expanding and contracting at similar rates around the country |
| As in the US, long-distance interregional migration has been an important means of... | Opening new regions for economic development in other large countries= Incentives have been used to stimulate migration to other regions |
| Russia: Interregional Migration | Important in developing Soviet Union= Soviet policy encouraged factory construction near raw materials rather than near existing population concentrations= Not enough workers lived nearby to fill all jobs at the mines/factories/construction sites made in these remote/resource-rich regions= Soviet gov. stimulated interregional migration to build up adequate labor force |
| What part of Russia were Soviet officials eager to develop through interregional migration? What did they do? | Russia's Far North (included much of Siberia) because it is rich in natural resources (fossil fuels/minerals/forests)= Far North encompassed 45% of Soviet Union's land area but contained less than 2% of its people= Soviet gov. forced people to migrate to Far North to build/operate steel mills, mines, etc.= Soviet gov. later reduced use of forced migration and instead provided incentives (including higher wages, more paid holidays, earlier retirement) to induce voluntary migration to the Far North |
| Result of incentives used by soviets to pull migrants to Far North | Did not pull as many as desired because people were hesitant to move because of the region's harsh climate and remoteness from population clusters= Each year, 1/2 of the people in the Fart North migrated back to other regions of the country and had to be replaced by other immigrants (especially young males willing to work in the region for a short period) |
| Komsomol | Name of the brigade of young volunteers the Soviet gov. sent up to the Far North (to replace those who were migration out of the region) during school vacations to help construct projects |
| What happened to the policies that encouraged interregional migration when the Soviet Union collapsed? | The policies ended= In transition to market-based economy, Russian gov. officials no longer dictate "optimal" locations for factories |
| Brazil: Interregional Migration | Most Brazilians live in a string of large cities near Atlantic Coast= Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro have become 2 of world's largest cities= However, Brazil's tropical interior is very sparsely inhabited (thus encourages interregional migration) |
| How has Brazilian government increased attractiveness of the country's interior? | Gov. has moved its capital in 1960 from Rio to newly built city called Brasilia (600 miles from the Atlantic Coast)= From above, Brasilia's design resembles an airplane with gov. buildings located at center of city and housing arranged along the "wings" |
| Result of Brazilian government building Brasilia | At first, Brasilia's population grew slowly since gov. workers and foreign embassy officials resented the forced move from Rio (one of world's most animated cities)= Recently, many have migrated to Brasilia in search of jobs (many of these workers could not afford housing in Brasilia and were living instead in quickly build shacks on the outskirts of the city |
| In a country with rapid population growth, many people will migrate... | Where they think they can find employment |
| Indonesia: Interregional Migration | Since 1969, Indonesian gov. has paid for migration of more than 5 million people (primarily from island of Java where 2/3 of its people live) to less populated islands= Under gov. program, families received 5 acres of land (2 hectares), materials to build a house, seeds and pesticides, food to carry them over until the crops are ready |
| Describe the result/response to the interregional migration gov. program | Number of participants has declined recently mainly because of environmental concerns= Some families moved to land that could not support intensive agriculture while others disrupted the habitats of indigenous peoples= Program siphoned off very small % of Java's population growth during past 1/4 century |
| Where is the pattern of interregional migration throughout Western Europe reflected? | In differences in per capita income and unemployment in different regions= The regions with net immigration are also the ones with the highest per capita incomes |
| Describe interregional migration trends of European countries that occupy small land areas. Example | They have important interregional migration trends= People in Italy migrate from the south (known as the "Mezzogiorno") to the north in search of job opportunities |
| Italy's Mezzogiorno region VS Italy's north | North benefits from rich agricultural land and strong industrial base= Mezzogiorno comprises 40% of Italy's land area and contains 35% of population but only 24$ of national income= Per capita income is 2 times as high in north than in south and unemployment rates are less than 5% in north compared to more than 20% in south |
| Why are people in the United Kingdom migrating? | Because of regional differences in job opportunities (although the pattern is opposite of Italy's [economic growth is in the south while north is declining]) |
| Northern VS Southern regions of the United Kingdom | First in world to enter industrial revolution in 18th century= Today many of the region's industries are no longer competitive in the global economy= However, industries in the south and east (especially the region around London) are relatively healthy |
| How might regional differences in economic conditions within European countries become greater? What regions may hold a competitive advantage and over whom? | With increased integration of the continent's economy= Regions closer to European markets (such as the south of Britain and the north of Italy) may hold a competitive advantage over outside regions |
| India: Interregional Migration | Government limits ability of people to migrate from one region to another by requiring Indians to have a permit to migrate (or even visit) the State of Assam in the northeastern part of the country= The restrictions (dating back to British colonial era) are meant to protect the ethnic identity of Assamese by limiting the ability of outsiders to compete for jobs and purchase land (because Assam is situated on border with Bangladesh, the restrictions also limit international migration) |
| Since 1800, the most prominent type of intraregional migration in the world has been from... | Rural to urban areas= Less than 5% of world's people lived in urban areas in 1800 compared to 1/2 today |
| Urbanization | Began in 1800s in countries of Europe and North America (which were undergoing rapid industrial development)= % of people living in urban areas in US increased from 5% in 1800 to 50% in 1920= Today, 3/4 of people in US and other/more developed countries live in urban areas |
| Where has migration from rural to urban areas recently skyrocketed? | Skyrocketed in recent years in less developed countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America |
| Migration from rural areas accounts for what? | Nearly 1/2 of the population increase in urban areas and the natural increase (excess of births over deaths) accounts for remainder |
| Describe the migration to Sao Paulo, Brazil (one of world's largest cities) in recent years | Migration has reached 300,000 people per year= Many of these migrants can not find housing in the city and must live in squatter settlements |
| Favelas | Brazilian name given to the squatter settlements that migrants, who can't find housing in Sao Paulo, must live in= They lack electricity/running water/paved streets |
| Why do most people move from rural to urban areas? | (Like interregional migrants) They seek economic advancement= They are pushed from rural areas by declining opportunities in agriculture and are pulled to the cities by the prospect of work in factories or in service industries |
| Describe intraregional migration in more developed countries. Example | Is from central cities out to the suburbs= Twice as many Americans migrate from central cities to suburbs each year than migrate from suburbs to central cities |
| Describe the population of most central cities in North America and Western Europe | Has declined in central cities while suburbs have grown rapidly |
| What is the major reason for the large-scale migration to the suburbs? | (Is not related to employment) For most people, migration to suburbs does not coincide with changing jobs= People are pulled by a suburbian lifestyle |
| What do suburbs offer? | The opportunity to live in a detached house rather than an apartment surrounded, surrounded by a private yard where children can play safely= A garage/driveway on the property guarantees space to park automobiles at no charge= Suburban schools tend to be more modern, better equipped, and safer than those in cities= Cars/trains allow people to live in suburbs yet have access to jobs/shops/recreational facilities throughout the urban area |
| Result of suburbanization | Territory occupied by urban areas has rapidly expanded= To accommodate suburban growth, farms on the outside of urban areas are converted to housing developments where new roads and other services must be built |
| Counterurbanization | Net migration from urban to rural areas= First witnessed by more developed countries of North America and Western Europe during late 20th century when they saw that more people in these regions were immigrating into rural areas than emigrating out of them= Can easily be seen in US |
| Counterurbanization results from what? | Very rapid expansion of suburbs= Boundary where suburbs end and countryside begins can not be precisely defined |
| Most counterurbanization represents what? | Migration from cities and suburbs to small towns and rural communities |
| Why do people move from urban to rural areas? | For lifestyle reasons (just like suburbanization)= People are lured to rural areas by idea of swapping the fast pace of urban life for opportunity to live on farm where they can own horses/grow vegetables= However, most people who move to farms do not earn their living from agriculture (instead work in nearby factories, small town shops, or other services) |
| What countries have net immigration in the US? | Nonmetropolitan countries in Northeast, South, Midwest, and West |
| Is any location in a more developed country truly isolated, either economically or socially? Why or why not? | No because of modern communications and transportation systems= Computers allow us to work anywhere and still have access to an international network |
| Who are many of the migrants from urban to rural areas? | Retired people who are attracted by access to leisure activities (e.g. fishing/hiking) |
| Describe retirement communities. Who do they appeal to? | Are small towns restricted to older people (typically over age 50)= They appeal to retired people who like to participate in recreational activities |
| Where do older people migrate to/from in France? | Some migrate from Paris to rural villages where they were born while others are attracted to the mild climate in the south of the country along the Mediterranean coast |
| Counterurbanization in present day US | Has stopped because the same # of people migrate from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas as from nonmetropolitan to metropolitan areas |
| Modest levels of in-migration into rural areas in US have... | Been offset by strong out-migration from rural areas= The economy of this region has been hurt by poor agricultural conditions (thus price of farm products has declined and many farmers have gone bankrupt) |
| Can future migration trends in more developed countries be predicted? Why or why not? | No because future economic conditions of these countries are difficult to forecast |
| What types of people have extremely different social customs? | People living in other locations |
| What do geographers ask in regards to social customs? | WHY such differences exist and HOW social customs are related to the cultural landscape |
| Al-Qaeda terrorists regard attacks against the US and its allies as... | An attempt to fight the onslaught of Western-dominated popular culture |
| What 3 things does culture combine? | Values, material artifacts, political institutions |
| What do geographers look for when looking at culture? | Search for where these various elements of culture are found in the world and for reasons why the observed distributions occur |
| Why might 2 locations have similar cultural beliefs, objects, and institutions? | Because people bring along their culture when they migrate |
| When do cultural differences emerge? | When 2 groups have limited interaction |
| What type of culture is provided by each cultural group in their own way? | Material culture deriving from the survival activities of everyone's daily life (i.e. food/clothing/shelter) |
| What type of culture does each cultural group have its own definition about what is meaningful art and stimulating recreation? | Culture involving leisure activities (arts and recreation) |
| Habit | A repetitive act that a particular individual performs= Does not imply (unlike custom) that the act has been adopted by most of the society's population |
| Custom | A repetitive act of a group performed to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group= Is a habit that has been widely adopted by a group of people= Can be used to denote a specific element of material culture (like wearing jeans) |
| What produces a group's Material Culture? Example | A collection of social customs (Jeans typically represent American informality and a badge of youth) |
| Culture | Refers to a group's entire collection of customs |
| 2 Categories of Material Culture | (Differ according to scale) Folk and Popular Culture |
| Folk Culture | Practiced by small/homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas= May include custom (EX: like wearing a sarong [a loose skirt made of a long strip of cloth wrapped around the body] in Malaysia or a sari [a long cloth draped so that one end forms a skirt and the other a head or shoulder covering] in India) |
| Popular Culture | Found in large/heterogeneous societies that share certain habits (like wearing jeans) despite differences in other personal characteristics |
| Describe the scale of territory covered by a folk culture | Typically much smaller than that covered by a popular culture |
| What do geographers focus on when looking at folk and popular culture? | Where folk/popular cultures are located in space= Study a particular social custom's origin, its diffusion, and its integration with other social characteristics= Study relation between material culture and physical environment |
| Spatial distribution of a cultural activity | Each cultural activity (like wearing jeans) has a distinct spatial distribution |
| Relationship between cultural groups and environment | Each cultural group takes particular elements from environment into its culture and in turn constructs landscapes ("Built Environments") that modify nature in distinctive ways |
| Popular Culture vs. Folk Culture: Distribution | Pop. Culture has more widespread distribution than folk culture= Reason why distributions are different is interaction (or lack of it) |
| How/why does a group develop distinctive customs? | From experiencing local social/physical conditions in a place that is isolated from other groups= Even groups living nearby may generate a variety of folk customs in a limited geographic area because of limited communication |
| When do landscapes change relatively little over time? | When landscapes are dominated by collection of folk customs |
| What is popular culture based on? | Rapid simultaneous global connections though communications/transportation systems and other modern technology |
| Rapid diffusion facilitates... | Frequent changes in popular customs |
| Folk Culture vs. Popular Culture: When are they likely to vary | Folk culture likely to vary from place to place at a given time= Popular culture likely to vary from time to time at given place |
| Globalization | Popular culture is becoming more dominant and threatening survival of unique folk cultures= These folk customs (along with language/religion/ethnicity) provide unique identity to each group of people who occupy a specific region on Earth's surface |
| Result of disappearance of local folk customs | Local diversity is reduced in world along with intellectual stimulation that arises from differences in backgrounds |
| In what way can the dominance of popular culture threaten the quality of the environment? | Folk culture derived from local natural elements may be more sensitive to protection/enhancement of environment= Popular culture is less likely to reflect diversity of local physical conditions and is more likely to modify the environment in accordance with global values |
| Hearth | Center of innovation= Is where a social custom originates |
| Folk Customs: Hearth | Have anonymous hearths, originating from anonymous sources at unknown dates through unidentified originators= May also have multiple hearths, originating independently in isolated locations |
| Popular Culture: Hearth | Pop. culture is most often a product of the economically more developed countries (MDCs) especially North America, Western Europe, and Japan |
| Popular Culture: Popular Music and Fast food | Arise from combo of advances in industrial technology and increased leisure time |
| Popular Culture: Industrial technology (in terms of Hearth) | Permits uniform reproduction of objects in large quantities= These objects help people enjoy leisure time which has increased as result of widespread change for the labor force from predominantly agricultural work to predominantly service and manufacturing jobs |
| Folk Music: Hearth | (Music highlights differences in origins of folk and pop. culture) According to Chinese legend, music was invented in 2697 B.C. when Emperor Huang ti sent Ling Lun to cut bamboo poles that would produce a sound matching the call of the phoenix bird= In reality, folk songs are usually composed anonymously and transmitted orally |
| A song may be changed from one generation to the next...but... | As conditions change but the content is most often derived from events in daily life that are familiar to the majority of the people |
| What do folk songs do? | Tell story/convey info. about daily activities such as farming, life-cycle events (birth/death/marriage), or mysterious events (like storms and earthquakes) |
| Similarities between different culture's folk songs | Different culture's songs hardly sound lyrical to a Western ear but when English-language folk songs appear in cold print, similar themes emerge (even if the specific info. conveyed about the environment differs) |
| Popular Music: Characteristics and Hearth | Is written by specific individuals for purpose of being sold to many people= Displays high degree of technical skill and is frequently capable of being performed only in a studio with electronic equipment= Originated in 1900 |
| Variety Show | Was the main popular musical entertainment in US and Western Europe in 1900= Was called the "Music Ball" in United Kingdom and "Vaudeville" in US |
| How were songs provided for music halls and vaudeville? | Music industry was made in New York along 28th Street between 5th Avenue and 6th Avenue (now Avenue of the Americans)= This district became known as Tin Pan Alley |
| Tin Pan Alley | (Was where music industry originated in Manhattan office buildings) Named from sound of pianos being pounded/played by people called "Song Pluggers"= Was name of area where music industry was made in NY to provide songs for music halls and vaudeville= Was home to songwriters, music publishers, orchestrators, and arrangers= Disappeared after WWII as recorded music became more important than printed songsheets |
| Song Pluggers | People who demonstrated tunes to publishers in Tin Pan Alley |
| Companies in Tin Pan Alley | Originally tried to sell as many printed songsheets as possible although sales of recordings ultimately became the most important measure of success |
| Describe diffusion of American popular music worldwide | Began during WWII when Armed Forces Radio Network broadcast music to American soldiers and to citizens of countries where American forces were stationed/fighting= English became the international language for popular music= Today popular musicians in Japan/Poland/Russia/etc. often write and perform in English even though few people in their audiences understand the language |
| Hip Hop | Is more recent form of popular music= Originated in NY in late 1970s in the South Bronx= Neighborhood of South Bronx is mainly populated by low-income African American and Puerto Rican people (a changeover from its predominated pop. of middle class white people of European origin)= Rappers in other low-income NY City neighborhoods of Queens, Brooklyn, and Harlem adopted the style with local twists ("Thug Rap" in Queens and "Clever Lines" in Brooklyn) |
| Why is Hip Hop important? | Highlights interplay between globalization and local diversity |
| Hip Hop is a return to what? | A very local form of music expression rather than a form that is studio manufactured= Lyrics make local references and represent distinctive hometown scene |
| Diffusion of Hip Hop around world | Diffused rapidly through instruments of globalization: music is broadcast online and sold through Web marketing= Artists are expressing a sense of a specific place across the Internet |
| What does the spread of popular culture typically follow? | The process of hierarchical diffusion from hearths/nodes of innovation (In US, prominent nodes of innovation for popular culture include Hollywood, California [for film industry] and Madison Avenue in NY City [for advertising agencies]) |
| Diffusion of Popular Culture | Diffuses rapidly and extensively through use of modern communications/transportation |
| How is Folk Culture transmitted from one place to another? | Slowly and on a smaller scale than popular culture through migration rather than electronic communication= Spread through relocation diffusion |
| Is Hip Hop popular or folk music? Why/Why not? | Is popular music because it diffuses primarily through electronics |
| Relocation Diffusion | Spread of a characteristic through migration |
| Amish Customs | (Show how relocation diffusion distributes folk culture) Have distinct customs and leave unique pattern on landscapes where they settle= Shun mechanical/electrical power and still travel by horse and buggy and continue to use hand tools for farming= Amish population in US make up .03% of total US population (80,000) but their folk culture is visible on landscape of 17 states= Distribution of Amish folk culture across US is explained by looking at diffusion of their culture through migration |
| Amish: History | 1600, Swiss Mennonite bishop named Jakob Ammann gathered group of followers who became known as the Amish= Amish originated in Bern, Switzerland= Migrated to other portions of northwestern Europe in 1700s primarily for religious freedom= In Europe, Amish did not develop distinct language/clothing/farming practices and gradually merged with various Mennonite church groups= Many migrated to North America in 2 waves= In US, lived in rural and frontier settlements isolated from other groups and thus Amish communities retained their traditional customs |
| Amish: 2 waves of migration to North America | First group (mainly from Bern and the Palatinate) settled in Pennsylvania in early 1700s enticed by William Penn's offer of low-priced land= Because of lower land prices, 2nd group (from Alsace) settled in Ohio/Illinois/Iowa in US and Ontario, Canada in early 1800s= From these core areas, Amish migrated to other areas where inexpensive land was available |
| Does Amish folk culture continue to diffuse within US today? Why/why not? Example? | Yes but diffuses slowly through interregional migration |
| Where/why are Amish migrating out of Lancaster Country | According to Amish tradition, every son is given a farm when he is an adult but land suitable for farming is expensive and hard to find in Lancaster County because of its proximity to growing metropolitan areas= With average price of farmland in southwestern Kentucky less than 1/5 that in Lancaster County, an Amish family can sell farm in Pennsylvania and get enough land in Kentucky to provide adequate farmland for all their sons= Also migrating from Lancaster Country to escape influx of tourists who come from nearby metropolitan areas to see Amish's "weird" distinctive folk culture |
| Organized Sports | Provide examples of how popular culture is diffused |
| Where do most sports originate? | Many originated as isolated folk customs and were diffused through migration of individuals (like other folk culture) |
| Folk Culture origin of Soccer | Soccer is world's most popular sport (called football outside North America)= Origin is obscure (earliest contests were in England in 11th century)= Was made after Danish invasion of England between 1018 and 1042 when workers excavating a building site found a Danish soldier's head which they began kicking (called "Kick the Dane's Head)= Was imitated by boys and one got idea of using inflated cow bladder |
| What did early football games resemble? | Resembled mob scenes= Many people from 2 villages would gather to kick the ball and winning side was one that kicked ball into center of the rival village= In 12th century the game (by then commonly called football) was confined to smaller vacant areas and the rules became standardized |
| Soccer: King Henry II | Because football disrupted village life, he banned game from England in late 12th century= Was not legalized again until 1603 by King James I= At this point, football was an English folk custom rather than a global popular custom |
| Globalization of Soccer | Transformation of football from English folk custom to global popular culture began in 1800s= Football and other recreation clubs were founded in Britain frequently by churches to provide factory workers with organized recreation during leisure hours= Sport became a subject that was taught in school |
| Increased leisure time effect on sports | Allowed people to view/participate in sporting events= With higher incomes, spectators paid to see first-class events |
| Response to public's increased demand to see football | Football clubs began to hire professional players= Many British football clubs formed an associating in 1863 to standardize the rules and to organize professional leagues |
| What marks the transition of football in Great Britain from folk to popular culture? | Organization of the sport into a formal structure |
| Origin of the word "Soccer" | Originated after 1863 when supporters of the game formed the Football Association= "Association" was shortened to "assoc" and then became "soccer"= The terms "soccer" and "association football" also helped to distinguish the game from Rugby Football |
| Rugby Football | Permits both kicking/carrying of ball= Originated in 1823 when football player at Rugby School (in Rugby, England) picked up the ball and ran with it |
| Exportation/Diffusion of association football around the world | Started in late 1800s by British= Went first to continental Europe and then other countries= Football was first played in continental in late 1870s by Dutch students who had been in Britain= The game was diffused to other countries through contact with English players= British citizens further diffused the game throughout the worldwide British Empire= In 20th century, soccer (like other sports) was further diffused by new communication systems (especially radio/tv) |
| Diffusion of Soccer to Russia | Diffused when English manager of textile factory near Moscow organized a team at the factory in 1887 and advertised in london for workers who could play football= After Russian Revolution in 1917 both the factory and its football team were absorbed into the Soviet Electric Trade Union= Team was renamed Moscow Dynamo and became the country's most famous (although the official history of Soviet football never acknowledged its English origin) |
| Soccer in US | Was exported to US but never gained popularity it won in Europe and Latin America= 1st college football gamed played in US between Princeton and Rutgers in 1869 was really soccer and officials of many colleges met 4 years later to adopt football rules consistent with those of British soccer= However, Harvard's representatives successfully argued for adoption of rugby rules instead= Rugby was so extremely modified by US colleges that entirely new game (American Football) ermerged= Similar modifications of football were undertaken in other English-speaking countries (this complex tale of diffusion is typical of many popular customs) |
| Sports in Popular Culture | Each country has its own preferred sports= Cricket is popular mainly in Britain and former British colonies= Ice Hockey is popular in colder climates (especially Canada, Northern Europe, Russia)= Most popular sports in China are martial arts (known as "Wushu") including archery, fencing, wrestling, and boxing= Baseball (once confined to North America) became popular in Japan after it was introduced by American soldiers who occupied the country after WWII |
| Lacrosse | Has fostered cultural identity among the Iroquois Confederation of Six Nations (Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Senecas, Tuscaroras) who live in the northeastern US and southeastern Canada (Lacrosse is called "Guhchigwaha [means "bump hips"] in Iroquois language) |
| Diffusion of Lacrosse | European explorers observed Iroquois playing lacrosse in 1636= European colonists in Canada picked up game from Iroquois and diffused it to US (mainly Maryland, upstate New York, Long Island)= The name "lacrosse" is derived from French words "la crose" [means bishop's crosier/staff which has similar shape to the lacrosse stick]) |
| Today, what are organized spectator sports part of? | Part of popular culture= Common element in professional sports is willingness of people around world to pay to view (in person or on TV) events played by professional athletes |
| World Cup | Competition for world cup in soccer is example of global diffusion of sports= National soccer teams globally compete every 4 years (South Africa in 2010)= Because of TV, the final match is viewed by more spectators than any other event in history |
| Folk Culture: Origin, diffusion, distribution | Typically has unknown/multiple origins among groups living in relative isolation= Diffuses slowly to other locations through migration= Combo of physical/cultural factors influences distinctive distributions of folk culture |
| What do a group's unique folk customs develop from? | Centuries of relative isolation from customs practiced by other cultural groups |
| Folk customs observed at a point in time vary widely from... | One place to another (even among nearby places) |
| P. Karan and Cotton Mather | Studied artistic customs in Himalaya Mountains= Showed that distinctive views of the physical environment emerge among neighboring cultural groups that are isolated |
| What 4 religious groups does the study area in the Himalaya Mountains contain? | Tibetan Buddhists in North; Hindus in South; Muslims in West; Southeastern Asian animists in East= Despite spatial proximity, limited interaction among these groups produces distinct folk customs (shown through differences in the groups' paintings, dance, music, architecture, crafts) |
| How do the folk cultures of the 4 religious groups in the Himalaya Mountains mirror their religious/individual views of their environment? | Through their choices of subjects of paintings |
| Tibetan Buddhists in northern region paint... | Idealized divine figures (i.e. monks/saints)= Some of these figures are depicted as weird/scary, reflecting inhospitable environment |
| Hindus in southern region paint... | Scenes from everyday life and familiar local scenes= Sometimes portray a god in domestic scene and often represent region's violent/extreme climatic conditions |
| Muslims in the Islamic west paint... | The region's beautiful plants/flowers since the Muslim faith prohibits showing animate objects in art= Unlike paintings from Buddhist and Hindu regions, these painting do not depict harsh climatic conditions |
| Animist groups in Southeast Asia paint... | (Group migrated to eastern region of the study area) Symbols/designs that derive from their religion rather than from local environment |
| What does the distribution of artistic subjects in the Himalayas show? | Shows how folk customs are influenced by cultural institutions (i.e. religion) and by environmental processes (i.e. climate/landforms/vegetation) |
| Environmental Determinists | Theorized how processes in the environment cause social customs (this idea is mainly rejected since many examples exist of peoples who live in similar environments but adopt different social customs [opposite examples of these also exist]= Shows that environment is only one of many controls over social customs) |
| Customs are influenced by what? | Customs (like food provision, clothing, shelter) are influenced by prevailing climate, soil, and vegetation |
| Custom in netherlands of wearing wooden shoes | Derives from environmental conditions= Dutch farmers wear the wooden shoes (which are waterproof) as they work in fields that are often very wet because much of Netherlands is below sea level |
| Folk societies and environmental conditions | Are very responsive to environment because of their low level of technology and the prevailing agriculture economy= People living in folk cultures are likely to be farmers growing their own food, using hand tools and animal power= However, folk culture may ignore environment |
| Broad differences in folk culture arise from what? | Physical conditions which produce varied customs |
| Food and Shelter | (Demonstrate influence of cultural values/environment on development of unique folk culture) DIfferent folk societies prefer different foods/styles of house construction |
| Folk food habits | Derive from the environment |
| Vidal de la Blache | Said that food supply is one of most important connections that tie people to a certain environment= Said clothing/weapons more subject to modification than the dietary regime which experience has shown to be best suited to human needs in a given climate |
| Deciding what foods to produce in region | Must consider environmental characteristics of region (e.g. soil, climate, etc.)= EX: Rice demands milder/moist climate while wheat thrives in cold/drier regions= People adapt their food preferences to conditions in environment |
| Soybeans | (Example of region adapting food choice to environment) Soybeans (heavily grown in Asia) are toxic when raw but edible when cooked= However, fuel is scarce in Asia, so Asia has adapted to this environmental problem by making food from soybeans that don't require much cooking (e.g. bean sprouts [germinated seeds], soy sauce [fermented soybeams], bean curd [steamed soybeans]) |
| Traditional preferences in Europe for quick-frying foods in Italy resulted from... | Fuel shortages= In Northern Europe, large wood supply encouraged slow stewing/roasting of foods over fires (also provided home heat in colder climate) |
| Terroir | (French term) Is the contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes= Word comes from same root as "Terre" (French word for land/earth) but "terrior" does not translate precisely into English (has similar meaning of English expressions "grounded" or "sense of place")= Is the sum of the effects of the local environment on a particular food item= Term often used to refer to combination of soil, climate, and other physical features that contribute to the distinctive taste of a wine |
| Bostans | (Where studied by Paul Kaldjian) Small gardens inside Istanbul, Turkey that have been supplying the city with fresh produce for long time= Istanbul has around 1,000 Bostans run mainly by immigrants from Cide [rural village in Turkey's Kastamonu province]= Boston farmers able to maximize yields from small plots of land (1 hectare) through clever and efficient manipulation of space, season, and resources= 15 to 20 diff. types of vegetables are planted at diff. times of year and the choice is varied from year to year in order to reduce risk of damage from poor weather= Most of work done by older men who prepare beds for planting, sow, irrigate, and operate motorized equipment= Women weed, and both men and women harvest |
| Availability of products effect what? However... | Effect food customs but people don't just eat what is available in their environment |
| Food habits are strongly influenced by what? | Influenced by cultural traditions= What is eaten establishes one's social/religious/ethnic memberships |
| The surest way to identify a family's ethnic origins is what? | Is to look in the kitchen |
| Transylvania: What do food preferences/diversity show? | Show differences among groups who have long lived close together |
| Transylvania: Romanian's Soup | Made sour bran soups from cracked wheat/corn/brown bread/cherry tree twigs |
| Transylvania: Saxon's Soup | Simmered fatty pork in water, added sauerkraut/vinegar, and used fruits |
| Transylvania: Jew's Soup | Made soups from beets and sorrel (a leafy vegetable) rather than from meat |
| Transylvania: Armenian's Soup | Made soup based on churut (curdled milk) and ground vegetables |
| Transylvania: Hungarian's Soup | Added smoked bacon to the soup and thickened it with flour and onion fried in lard |
| Transylvania: Szekler's Soup | (Szeklers adopted many Jewish dietary practices including avoidance of pork products) Substituted smoke goose/other poultry for the bacon in the Hungarian recipes |
| Long after dress/manners/speech have become indistinguishable from majority... | Old food habits often continue as the last vestige of traditional folk customs |
| According to folk customs, everything in nature... | Carries a signature/distinctive characteristic based on its appearance/natural properties |
| Certain foods are eaten because their natural properties are thought to... | Enhance qualities considered desirable by the society (i.e. strength/fierceness/lovemaking ability)= This occurs because of folk customs |
| Mandrake | Plant native to Mediterranean climates= Thought to enhance people's lovemaking abilities= Smell of plant's orange-colored berries is attractive but mandrake's association with sex powers comes from appearance of the root (is thick, fleshy, and forked [suggesting man's torso])= Mandrake's root is administered as a drug in parts of Africa and Middle East and several references to its powers are found in the Bible |
| Taboo | Restriction on behavior imposed by social custom= People refuse to eat foods that are though to embody negative forces |
| Japanese food taboo | The Ainus avoided eating otters because thought them forgetful animals and eating them could cause loss of memory |
| European food taboo | Blamed potato (first edible plant they encountered that grew from tubers and not seeds) for many problems during 17th and 18th centuries including typhoid, tuberculosis, famine= Also initially resisted eating potato because resembled human deformities caused by leprosy |
| Mbum Kpau women of Chad food taboo | Before becoming pregnant, they don't eat chicken or goat since thought not eating them helps escape pain in childbirth and prevents birth of child with abnormalities= While pregnant, they avoid meat from antelopes with twisted horns (thought could cause them to bear children with deformities) |
| Trobriand Islands (off eastern tip of Papua New Guinea) food taboos | Couples not allowed to eat meals together before marriage while premarital sexual relations are an accepted feature of social life |
| Describe food taboos made by folk cultures out of concern for the natural environment | These taboos may help protect endangered animals or conserve scarce natural resources= For example, to preserve scarce animal species, only few high-ranking people in some tropical regions are allowed to hunt while majority cultivate crops |
| Most food-avoidance customs arise from what? | From cultural values= Many taboos against consumption of certain foods can be found in Bible |
| Ancient Hebrew Taboos | Were not allowed to eat many foods including animals that do not chew their cud or that have cloven feet and fish lacking fins or scales= These taboos arose from concern for environment by Hebrews who lived as pastoral nomads in lands bordering the eastern Mediterranean= Pig is prohibited because it is more suited to sedentary farming than pastoral nomadism and because its meat spoils quickly in hot climates (such as in the Mediterranean)= These biblical taboos were made through oral tradition and by rabbis into the Kosher Laws of today |
| Muslim Taboos | Embrace taboo against pork because pigs are unsuited for dry lands of the Arabian Peninsula (pigs would compete with humans for food/water without offering compensating benefits [like being able to pull a plow/carry loads/provide milk/wool])= Widespread raising of pigs would be an ecological disaster in Islam's hearth |
| Hindu Taboos | Taboo against cows partly due to environmental reasons= Cows are source of oxen (castrated male bovine), the traditional choice for pulling plows as well as carts= Large supply of oxen must be maintained in India since every field has to be plowed at approximately the same time [when the monsoon rains arrive]= Religious sanctions have kept India's cow population large as a form of insurance against the loss of oxen and increasing population |
| Taboo against consumption of meat among many people including Muslims, Hindus, and Jews are due to environmental factors as well as... | Social values must influence choice of diet because people in similar climates and with similar levels of income consume different foods |
| Biblical food taboos were made in part to... | Set the Hebrew people apart from others |
| Christians and biblical food taboos | Ignore the taboos= Shows their desire to distinguish themselves from Jews= Also, as a universalizing religion, Christianity was less tied to taboos that originated in the Middle East |
| Food taboos in countries dominated by popular culture (like US) | Americans avoid eating insects (despite nutritional value)= However, people in Thailand and Myanmar (Burma) eat deep fried giant water bugs as snack food or ground up in sauces= Mixing insects with rice provides lysine (amino acid often deficient in diet of people in less developed countries [LDCs])= Americans taboo against eating bugs is contradicted by eating of foods like canned mushrooms and tomato paste (which contain insects) |
| The House | (Jean Brunhes views the house as being among essential facts of human geography) Is a product of both cultural tradition and national conditions |
| House is good reflection of.... | (Said by Fred Kniffen) Cultural heritage, current fashion, functional needs, and the impact of environment |
| Building materials used to make a folk houses | Influenced by resources available in environment= Most common building materials in world are wood and brick= Wood is preferred for house construction if available because it is easy to build with= Also influenced by social factors= Building materials may be available but more expensive than alternatives |
| Material used by people in MDCs to build homes | Buy lumber that has been cut by machine into the needed shapes= Cut lumber is used to erect a frame, and sheets/strips of wood are attached for the floors, ceilings, and roof= Shingles/stucco/vinyl/aluminum/etc. may be placed on exterior for insulation/decoration |
| What do societies that have limited access to forests use for home building? | In hot/dry climates (like in US Southwest, Mexico, northern China, parts of Middle East) bricks are made by baking wet mud in the sun= Stone is used to build houses in parts of Europe and South America and as decoration on the outside of brick or wood houses in other countries |
| If desired material is not locally available for house construction... | Then it must be imported= Migrants sometimes paved streets and built houses in their new location with stone ballast placed in the hold of the ship that transported them |
| To save $ as well as trees, most new homes in the US... | Have interior walls made of drywall filled with gypsum [a widely available mineral] rather than wood |
| The House: Social groups may share....but... | May share building materials but the distinctive form of their houses may result from customary beliefs or environmental factors= Orientation of the houses on their plots of land can also vary= Form of houses in some societies might reflect religious values |
| Fiji: Religious form of the house | (Reflects religious values) East wall of house is sacred |
| China: Religious form of the house | (Reflects religious values) Northwest wall of house is sacred |
| In Madagascar, religious considerations influence what (in terms of homes/house building)? | The use of each part of the house and even furniture arrangement= Main door is on west (considered most important direction) while northeast corner is the most sacred= North wall is for honoring ancestors= Important guests enter a room from the north and are seated against the north wall= Bed is placed against the east wall of the house (with the head facing north) |
| Arrangement of household activities in many Southeast Asian societies | Governed by beliefs= In south-central part of island Java, the front door always faces south (direction of the South Sea Goddess who holds the key to Earth) |
| Lao: Arrangement of household activities | Lao people in northern Los arrange beds perpendicular to center ridgepole of the house= Head is considered high and noble and the feet considered low and vulgar thus people sleep so heads will be opposite their neighbor's heads and their feet opposite their neighbors feet= Principal exception to this arrangement: a child who builds a house next door to the parents sleeps with his/her head toward the parents' feet as a sign of obeying the customary hierarchy |
| Yuan and Shan peoples vs. Lao people: House | Although they speak similar Southeast Asian languages and adhere to Buddhism, Lao don't orient houses in same manner Yuan aand Shan peoples in northern Thailand= Yuan and Shan ignore position of neighbors and all sleep with the heads toward the east (which Buddhists consider the most auspicious direction) and staircases must not face west (the least auspicious direction [the direction of death and evil spirits]) |
| Form of housing and environment | Form related to environment/social conditions= Pitched roof important in wet/snowy climates to facilitate runoff and reduce weight of accumulated snow= Windows may face south in temperate climates to take advantage of Sun's heat and light= In hot climates window openings may be smaller to protect interior from full heat of Sun |
| Even in areas that share similar climates and available building materials, folk housing can vary because of... | Minor differences in environmental features |
| R. W. McColl | Compared house types in 4 villages situated in the dry lands of northern and western China= All use similar building materials [including adobe and timber from the desert poplar tree] and they share a similar objective: Protection from extreme temperatures (hot and cold)= However, the houses in these 4 Chinese villages have individual designs= Houses have second floor open air patios in Kashgar, small open courtyards in Turpan, large private courtyards in Yinchuan, and sloped roofs in Dunhuang= McColl attributed differences to local cultural preferences |
| Older Houses in US | Display local folk-culture traditions= When families migrated westward in 1700/1800s they cut tress to clear fields for planting and used the wood to build houses, barns, and fences= Style of pioneer homes reflected whatever upscale style was prevailing at the place on the East Coast from which they migrated= However, houses built in US recently display popular culture influences |
| 3 major hearths/nodes of folk house forms in US | (Identified by Fred Kniffen) New England, Middle Atlantic, Lower Chesapeake |
| Migrants carried house types from New England... | Northward to upper New England and westward across the southern Great Lakes region |
| Migrants carried house types from the Middle Atlantic... | Westward across the Ohio Valley and southwestward along the Appalachian trails |
| Migrants carried house types from the Lower Chesapeake... | Southward along the Atlantic Coast |
| New England: House Style/Type and where it can be found | Had 4 major house types (during 18th-19th century)= When migrated westward, took house type with them= New England house type can be found throughout Great Lakes region as far west as Wisconsin since this area was settled mainly by migrants from New England= As house style preferred by New Englanders changed over time, predominant form found on the landscape varies based on the date of initial settlement |
| I-House | Was the name of the major house type in the Middle Atlantic region= Typically was 2 stories high with gables to the sides= Resembled letter I (was only 1 room deep and at least 2 rooms wide)= Became most extensive style of construction in much of eastern half of US (especially in Ohio Valley and Appalachia)= Settlers built "I-Houses" in much of Midwest because most of them had migrated from Middle Atlantic region |
| Tidewater Style | Was the Lower Chesapeake's style of house= Was 1 story with steep roof and chimneys at either end= They spread from Chesapeake Bay (Tidewater, Virginia) area along southeast coast= Form of housing that evolved along southeast coast was only 1 room deep (just like "I-House")= In wet areas, houses in the coastal southeast were often raised on piers or on a brick foundation |
| Present Style of House in US | Style distinctions are hard to observe= Style of housing does not display same degree of regional distinctiveness because rapid communication/transportation systems provide people throughout country with knowledge of alternative styles= Also, most don't build the houses in which they live (houses are usually mass produced by construction companies) |
| Popular Culture= Characteristics and similarities/differences with folk culture | Popular culture varies more in time than in place= May originate in 1 location within context of a particular society/environment (like folk culture)= Unlike folk culture, it diffuses rapidly across Earth to locations with a variety of physical conditions |
| Rapid diffusion of popular culture depends on... | A group of people having a high level of economic development to acquire the material possessions associated with popular culture |
| Regional differences in today's world | Some regional diff. in food/clothing/shelter exist in MDCs but are much less than in past |
| Housing built in US since 1940s demonstrates what? What is the purpose of the newer houses built in US recently? | Demonstrates how popular customs vary more in time than in place= Newer housing in US has been built to Reflect rapidly changing fashion concerning the most suitable house form |
| Houses show what about popular customs/taste? | Show the influence of shapes/materials/detailing/other features of architectural style that is in at any one point in time |
| Main housing style in years immediately after WWII | Most US houses were built in a Modern Style= Different modern-style houses were popular at different times |
| Main housing style since the 1960s | Styles that architects cal Neo-Eclectic have predominated |
| Modern House Style: 1940s to 1950s | Dominant type was called "Minimal Traditional"= Was similar to "Tudor-Style" houses popular in 1920 and 1930s |
| Minimal Traditional Houses | Usually 1 story with dominant front gable and few decorative details= Were small/modest houses meant to house young families and veterans returning from WWII |
| Modern House Style: 1950s to 1960s | "Ranch House" replaced minimal traditional as dominant style |
| Ranch House | Was 1 story with the long side parallel to the street= All rooms were on 1 level rather than 2 or 3 and so the house took up a larger lot and encouraged the creation of urban areas |
| Modern House Style: 1950s to 1970s | "Split-Level House" was popular variant of the Ranch House |
| Split Level House | Lower level contained the garage and the newly invented "family" room (where the television set was placed)= Kitchen and formal living/dining rooms were placed on the intermediate level= Bedrooms were on top level above the family room and garage |
| Modern House Style: 1950s to 1970s | "Contemporary Style" was a very popular choice for architect-designed houses |
| Contemporary Style House | Had a flat or low-pitched roof |
| Modern House Style: 1960s | "Shed Style" was popular in the late 1960s |
| Shed Style House | Had a high-pitched shed roof that gave the house the appearance of a series of geometric forms |
| House Style since 1960 | "Neo-Eclectic" styles became popular and by 1970s surpassed modern styles in "what was in style" |
| Mansard Style House | (Type of Neo-Eclectic Style) Was 1st popular neo-eclectic style= The 2nd story walls were covered with shingles and sloped slightly inward and merged into the roofline |
| Neo-Tudor Style House | (Type of Neo-Eclectic Style) Popular in 1970s= Characterized by dominant/steep-pitched front facing gables and half-timbered detailing |
| Neo-French Style House | (Type of Neo-Eclectic Style) Appeared in early 1970s and was most fashionable style for new houses by the early 1980s= Featured dormer windows (that usually had rounded tops) and high-hipped roofs |
| Neo-Colonial Style House | (Type of Neo-Eclectic Style) Was an adaptation of English colonial houses= Has been continuously popular since 1950s but NEVER dominant= Inside neo-eclectic houses, a large central "Great Room" has replaced separate family and living rooms (which were located in different wings/floors of ranch and split-level houses) |
| What do individual clothing habits reveal? | How popular culture can be distributed across the landscape with little regard for distinctive physical features= The habits also reflect availability of income, as well as social forms (such as job characteristics) |
| What do clothing habits in the MDCs of North America and Western Europe reflect? | Occupations rather than particular environments (EX: lawyer/business executive tends to wear dark suit, light shirt or blouse, and necktie or scarf while a factory worker wears jeans and a work shirt) |
| In what way is higher income an influence on clothing in MDCs? | Women's clothes change in fashion very often= Color/shape/design of dresses change to imitate pieces created by clothing designers= For social purposes, people with sufficient income may update their wardrobe frequently with the latest fashions |
| Improved communication's affect on clothing styles | Have permitted rapid diffusion of clothing styles globally= In past, a year could pass from the time an original dress was displayed to time that inexpensive reproductions were available in stores= Now the time lag is less than 6 weeks because of diffusion of fax machines, computers, and satellites (sketches/patterns/specifications are sent instantly from European fashion centers to American corporate headquarters and then on to Asian factories) |
| Original designs for women's dresses are made... | Original designs for women's dresses (made in Paris, Milan, London, New York) are reproduced in large quantities at factories in Asia and sold for relatively low prices in North American and European chain stores |
| Why/what is essential in manufacturing copies of designer dresses? | Speed because fashion tastes change quickly |
| The globalization of clothing styles has involved what? | Increasing awareness by North Americans and Europeans of the variety of folk costumes around the world= Increased travel and diffusion of TV have exposed people in MDCs to other forms of dress and visa versa (EX: Poncho from South America; Dashiki of the Yoruba people of Nigeria; Aleut parka have all been adopted by people elsewhere in the world) |
| Why might the continued use of folk costumes in some parts of the globe persist? | Not because of distinctive environmental conditions/traditional cultural values but to preserve past memories/attract tourists |
| Jeans | Symbol of diffusion of Western popular culture= Are prized possession for young people around world= Acquired an image of youthful independence in the US (in late 1960s) as young people adopted a style of clothing previously associated with low-status manual laborers and farmers |
| Availability of Jeans | Locally made denim trousers are available throughout Europe and Asia for under $10= "Genuine" jeans made by Levi Strauss ($50-$100) are preferred as a status symbol= Many 2nd-hand Levis are sold in Asia (especially in Japan and Thailand) with most priced between $100 to $1000 |
| Describe how local variation persists even in the face of the globalization of popular culture | Asians prefer Levi's 501 model with a button fly rather than a zipper= Within US the button fly is more common on the West Coast while easterners prefer the zipper fly because it doesn't let in cold air |
| Jeans: Soviet Union | Were an obsession and status symbol among youth= Jeans were brought into the Soviet Union by the elite which were essentially those who were allowed to travel to the West (these people obtained scarce products in the West and resold them inside the Soviet Union for a good profit) |
| In what way did the scarcity of high-quality jeans one of many consumer problems that encouraged dismantling of Communist governments in Eastern Europe? | Eastern Europeans were aware of Western fashions/products (because of tv) but could not obtain them since government-controlled industries were inefficient and geared to producing tanks and not consumer-oriented goods |
| Jeans and present day Russia | Jeans can now be imported freely there= Access to these products is now limited by lack of $ an not government regulation |
| As access to Levi's increased around the world... | American consumers turned away from the brand |
| Popular culture flourishes where... | People in a society have sufficient income to get the tangible elements of popular culture and the leisure time to make use of them |
| People in a country with a more developed economy are likely to have.. | The tiime, income, and inclination to facilitate greater adoption of popular culture |
| What are characteristic of the food customs of popular societies? | Consumption of large amounts of alcoholic beverages and snack foods= Still, amounts of alcohol and snacks consumed (as well as types) vary by region within MDCs like the US |
| Why do Americans choose particular beverages/snacks? | On basis of preference for what is produced/grown/imported locally |
| Bourbon consumption in US | Concentrated in Upper South (where most is produced) |
| Rum consumption in US | Concentrated on East Coast (where it arrives from Caribbean) |
| Canadian Whiskey consumption in US | Preferred in communities near/close to Canada |
| Southerners prefer what type of snack food? Why? | Pork Rinds because more hogs are raised there |
| Northerners prefer what type of snack food? Why? | Popcorn and potato chips because more corn and potatoes are grown there |
| What also affects the amount/types of alcohol and snack foods consumed? | Cultural backgrounds |
| Alcohol consumption relates partially to... | Religious backgrounds and partially to income and advertising |
| What area(s) in US have low alcohol consumption rates? Why? | Baptists and Mormons drink less than do other religious members= Because Baptists are concentrated in Southeast and Mormons in utah, these regions have low consumption rates |
| What area(s) in US have high alcohol consumption rates? Why? | Nevada because of concentration of gambling and other resort activities there |
| Who prefers tortilla chips? Why? | Texans because of large # of Hispanic Americans there |
| Who prefers multigrain chips? Why? | Westerners because of greater concern for the nutritional content of snack foods |
| Consumption of alcohol and snack foods is part of popular culture primarily dependent on what 2 factors? | High income and national advertising |
| What does the spatial distribution of wine production show? | That environment plays a role in distribution of popular and folk food customs |
| The distinctive character of wine derives from... | A unique combo of soil, climate, and other physical characteristics at the place where the grapes are grown |
| Vineyards are best cultivated in... | Temperate climates of moderately cold/rainy winters and fairly long/hot summers= Hot/sunny weather is necessary in summer for fruit to mature properly while winter is preferred season for rain since plant diseases that cause the fruit to rot are more active in hot/humid weather |
| If possible, where are vineyards planted? Why? | On hillsides to maximize exposure to sunlight and to facilitate drainage= Site near lake or river is also desirable because water can offset extremes of temperature |
| What type of soil produces the best grapes for wine? | Although grapes can be grown in many soilis, the best wine is produced from grapes grown in soil that is coarse and well drained (a soil not necessarily fertile for other crops)= The soil is generally sandy/gravelly in Bordeauz wine region, chalky in Champagne country, and of a slate composition in the Moselle Valley |
| Trace elements | Elements (such as boron, manganese, and zinc) in the rock or soil that add to distinct character of each regions wine= In large quantities, the elements can destroy the plants but in small quantities they lend a unique taste to the grapes |
| The world's finest wines are frequently identified by... | Their place of origin (wines may be labeled with the region, town, district, or specific estate)= A wine expert can tell a wine's origin just by tasting because of unique taste imparted to grapes by the specific soil composition of each estate= Finer wines also have the year of the harvest because specific weather conditions each year affect the quality/quantity of the harvest= Wines can also be identified by the variety of grape used rather than the location of the vineyard |
| Less expensive wines might contain... | A blend of grapes from many estates and years |
| Wine distribution is based on what? | Alhtough grapes can be grown in many locations, distribution is based on cultural values (both historical and contemporary) |
| Wine is made today mainly in areas... | That have a tradition of excellence in wine making it and people who like to drink it and can afford to purchase it |
| Vineyards are now owned by... | Private individuals/corporations rather than religious organizations |
| Where is wine production discouraged? Why? | Regions of world dominated by religions other than Christianity= Hindus and Muslims in particular avoid alcoholic beverages= Thus wine production is limited in Middle East (other than Israel) and southern Asia because of cultural values (especially religion) |
| Distribution of wine production shows that the diffusion of popular customs depends... | Less on the distinctive environment of a location than on presence of beliefs/institutions/material traits conducive to accepting those customs |
| Why is watching TV an important popular custom? | Is most popular leisure activity in all MDCs and TV is most important mechanism by which knowledge of popular culture (such as professional sports) is rapidly diffused across Earth |
| Diffusion of TV | US first had monopoly but later diffused to Europe and other MDCs and then to LDCs= US public first saw TV in 1930s but diffusion was blocked for a while when broadcasting was curtailed/suspended entirely during WWII |
| When did international differences in TV ownership diminish? | In 1970, US still had many more TV sets per capita than any other country except Canada= Differences decreased by end of 20th century (has not completely disappeared) |
| Diffusion of Internet service | Follows pattern established by TV but at a much quicker pace= Internet usage increased rapidly in US between 1995 and 2000 but increase was greater in rest of world= Internet diffused rapidly and US's share declined rapidly (Internet is still diffusing in US but at more modest rate and so share of the world's Internet users found in US is continuing to decline [now at 21%]) |
| Internet diffusion among LDCs | Among LDCs, Latin America and Asia are likely to expand Internet hosts more rapidly than Africa |
| TV vs. Internet: Diffusion | Diffusion of TV from US to world took a half-century= Diffusion of Internet has taken only a decade (internet diffused quicker than TV) |
| TV Stations in US: Ownership, Operations, Profit | TV stations owned by private corporations (get licenses from gov. to operate at specific frequencies [channels])= Company makes profit by selling air time for advertisements= Some states are owned by local governments/other nonprofit organizations and are devoted to educational/noncommercial programs |
| Describe US pattern of private commercial stations in terms of the patterns of the rest of the world | US pattern is found in other Western Hemisphere countries but is rare elsewhere= Broadcasting, in almost all MDCs other than US, is provided entirely or in part by a public corporation or by a public-private partnership |
| CBC vs. BBC and NHK | The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) gets gov. grants= British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and Japan's Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK) are funded through license fees paid by owners of TV sets= Independence from gov. interference is guaranteed in their charters= Commercial channels co-exist with public channels in many of these countries |
| TV management in LDCs | Typically government agency has direct management of TV (including China and India as well as many other countries in Africa and Asia) |
| Why do governments control TV stations? | To minimize likelihood that programs hostile to current policies will be broadcast (i.e. they are censored)= Was common in Communist countries in Eastern Europe |
| How did many governments in the past view TV? | Seen as important toll for fostering cultural integration= TV could extol the exploits of the leaders or the accomplishments of the political system= People turned on TV and watched what gov. wanted them to see= Few people could get TV broadcasts from other countries because TV signals weaken with distance are are strong up to 60 miles |
| George Orwell's "1984" | Written in 1949 thought TV would play major role in ability of totalitarian gov. to control people's daily lives |
| Recently, changing technology has made TV a force of... | Changing technology (especially diffusion of small satellite dishes) has made TV a force for political change rather than stability |
| Satellite Dishes | Allow people to choose from wide variety of programs produced in other countries not just the local government-controlled station |
| Satellite Dishes in Asia | Many Asian governments have tried to prevent consumers from getting satellite dishes= Chinese government banned private ownership of satellite dishes by its citizens (although foreigners/upscale hotels are allowed to keep them)= Singapore gov. banned ownership of satellites but encourages satellite services including MTV and HBO to locate their Asian headquarters in the country= Governments have had little success in banning satellites (despite fines/etc. many smuggle and share/hide it with neighbors) |
| Recently, Eastern European countries have tuned some of their channels to... | Foreign broadcasters like CNN and MTV because many don't trust accuracy of locally produced TV programs |
| What 2 problems may potentially be created due to the international diffusion of popular culture? | The diffusion of popular culture may threaten survival of traditional folk culture in many countries= Popular culture may be less responsive to diversity of local environments and may thus generate adverse environmental impacts |
| Why do many fear the loss of folk culture in relation with economy/money? | Because rising incomes can fuel demand for the possessions typical of popular culture |
| When people turn from folk to popular culture, they... | May also turn away from the society's traditional values |
| The diffusion of popular culture from MDCs can lead to... | Dominance of Western perspectives |
| In what way is clothing an important example of the symbolic importance of folk culture? | In African and Asian countries, there is contrast between clothes of rural farmworkers and of urban business/government leaders |
| Adoption of a more developed society's types of clothing is part of a process of.. | Imitation and replication of foreign symbols of success= Adoption of clothing customs from MDCs has become symbol of authority/leadership at home= The Western business suit is accepted as uniform form business executives and bureaucrats around the world |
| Reactions/opinions of wearing clothes typical of MDCs in Middle Eastern Countries | Is controversial in some countries= Some political leaders in region choose to wear Western business suits as a sign that they are trying to make closer links with US and Western European countries= Fundamentalist Muslims oppose widespread adoption of Western clothes (especially by women living in cities) as well as other social customs/attitudes typical of MDCs (women are urged to abandon skirts/blouses in favor of the traditional black chador [a combination head covering and veil]) |
| Affect of global diffusion of popular culture on women | Threatens subservience of women to men that is embedded in many folk customs= Women traditionally were meant to perform household chores (e.g. cooking, etc.) and to bearing and raising large numbers of children= Women who worked outside of home were likely to be obtaining food for the family (either through agricultural work or by trading handicrafts) |
| Women under the Taliban regime in Afghanistan during 1990s | Treated very harshly= Not allowed to attend school, work outside home, seek health care, drive a car= Allowed to leave home only if fully covered by clothing and escorted by a male relative= A woman behaving like a westerner in public (e.g. showing her face, etc.) could be beaten or shot |
| Advancement of women was limited by what? | Low levels of education and high rates of victimization from violence (often from husbands) |
| MDCs' reactions to concepts of legal equality for women | Concepts of legal equality and availability of economic/social opportunities outside the home for women have been widely accepted in MDCs even where women in reality continue to suffer from discriminatory practices |
| Contact with popular culture and it's affect on women in LDCs | Has brought negative impacts such as increase in prostitution |
| Prostitution in LDCs | Many men from MDCs (such as Japan and Northern [especially Norway, Germany, Netherlands]) buy tours from travel agencies that include airfare, hotels, and use of a predetermined number of women= Are known as "sex tours"= International prostitution is encouraged in these countries as a major source of foreign aid |
| Popular culture, through specific interaction (like prostitution/"sex tours"), may regard women as... | Essentially equal at home but as objects that money can buy in foreign folk societies |
| LDCs feelings toward popular culture | Fear incursion of popular culture= Some leaders consider dominance of popular customs by MDCs as threat to their independence (threat posed mainly by media [especially news-gathering organizations and TV]) |
| What 3 MDCs dominate TV industry in LDCs? | US, United kingdom, and Japan= These 3 countries are also the major exporters of programs (even in Europe US has been source of imports of 2/3 of entertainment programs) |
| Japanese: Where/what LDCs do they operate in? | Operate mainly in South Asia and East Asia selling their electronic equipment |
| British: Where/what LDCs do they operate in? | British companies have invested directly in management and programming for TV in Africa |
| US: Where/what LDCs do they operate in? | US corporations own or provide technical advice to many Latin American stations |
| How do leaders of many LDCs view spread of TV? | New method of economic/cultural imperialism on the part of the MDCs (especially the US)= American TV, like other media, presents American beliefs/social forms (like upward social mobility, etc.)= These themes may conflict with and drive out traditional social customs |
| What do many satellite broadcasters in Asia do to avoid offending traditional values? | Dont carry MTV or else allow gov. to censor unacceptable videos (EX: Cartoons featuring Porky Pig may be banned in Muslim countries where people avoid pork products)= Entertainment programs instead emphasize family values and avoid controversial cultural/economic/political issues |
| LDCs fear what more than what in terms of the media? | Fear effects of the news-gathering capability of the media more than their entertainment function |
| Associated Press (AP) and Reuters | Dominate the diffusion of information to newspapers around the world= Are owned by American and British companies= Supply most of the world's TV news video |
| Describe process/characteristics/result of gathering news worldwide | Is expensive process and thus most newspapers/broadcasters are unable to afford their own correspondents= Thus buy the right to use the dispatches of one or more of the main news organizations |
| The AP | Transmits most news photos and provides radio stations around world with reports from its correspondents |
| News media in most LDCs are dominated by... | The government which typically runs the radio and TV service as well as domestic news-gathering agency= Newspapers may be owned by the government, a political party, or a private individual but, in any event, they are dependent on the government news-gathering organization for information= Sufficient funds are not availble to establish a private news service |
| African and Asian government officials' opinion of Western concept of freedom of press | Criticize the concept= Argue that American news organizations reflect American values and non't provide a balanced/accurate view of other countries |
| What types of stories do US news-gathering organizations like to cover? | More interested in covering earthquakes, hurricanes, or other sensational disasters than more meaningful but less visual/dramatic domestic stories |
| According to a study by the British Institute of Communications, TV newscasts throughout the world... | Spend the majority of time covering domestic stories |
| In many regions of the world, the only reliable/unbiased news accounts come from... | BBC World, Service shortwave radio newscasts, and satellite radio newscasts= Reliance on BBC newscasts is very strong in war zones |
| Popular culture is less likely than folk culture to be distributed with... | Consideration for physical features= Spatial organization of popular culture reflects the distribution of social and economic features |
| In a global economy and culture, what happens with popular culture? | Appears increasingly uniform |
| Popular culture and the environment | Popular culture can seriously modify/control environment= For many, environment is something to be modified to enhance participation in a leisure activity or to promote the sale of a product= Even if resulting built environment looks natural, it is actually the deliberate creation of people in pursuit of popular social customs |
| What caused surge in US golf popularity that spawned construction of 200 acres of course recently? | John Rooney attributes this to increased income/leisure time especially among recently retired old people and younger people with flexible working hours |
| Describe the distribution of golf cources | Is not uniform across US= Although thought a warm-weather sport, # of golf courses per person is greatest in north-central states (from Kansas to North Dakota) as well as the northeastern states touching the Great Lakes (from Wisconsin to upstate NY)= People in these regions have long tradition of playing golf and social clubs with golf courses are important institutions in the makeup of the regions' popular customs |
| Access to golf courses is more limited in... | The South, in California, and in the heavily urbanized Middle Atlantic region |
| Selected southern and western areas have high concentrations of golf courses due to... | The arrival of many golf-playing northerners either as vacationers or as permanent residents |
| Golf cources are designed partially in response to... | Local physical conditions= Grass species are chosen to thrive in local climate and still be suitable for the needs of greens/fairways/roughs= Existing trees and native vegetation are retained if possible= Still, golf courses remake the environment |
| Distribution of popular culture around the world tends to produce... | More uniform landscapes= Spatial expression of a popular custom in one area will be similar to another (promoters of popular culture actually want uniform appearance to generate "product recognition" and greater consumption) |
| Franchise | A company's agreement with businesspeople in a local area to market that company's product= The franchise agreement lets local outlet use the company's name/symbols/trademarks/etc. (is used by fast food restaurants)= These buildings are immediately recognizable |
| Success of Fast-Food Restaurants | Much of attraction comes from convenience of the good and the use of the buildings as low-cost socializing locations for ttens/families with young kids= Success also depends on large-scale mobility: people who travel or move to another city immediately recognize a familiar place= Originally made to attract people who arrived by car |
| Fast-Food Restaurants: Architecture | Were originally brightly colored to attract motorists= Recently built ones are more subdued with brick facades/etc.= To facilitate reuse of structure in case the restaurant fails, company signs are often free standing rather than integrated into the building design |
| Global Diffusion of Uniform Landscapes | Physical expression of uniformity in popular culture has diffused from North America to rest of world= The establishments appeal to North American travelers yet most customers are local residents who wish to sample American customs they have seen on TV= Diffusion of pop. culture across Earth is not confined to products that originate in North America (with better communications/transportation, customs from anywhere on Earth can quickly diffuse) |
| How can diffusion of some popular customs hurt the environmental quality? | Through depletion of scarce natural resources and pollution of landscape |
| Increased demand for some products can... | Strain capacity of the environment= For example, increased meat consumption has not caused extinction of cattle/poultry; we simply raise more (but animal consumption is inefficient way for people to get calories [90% less efficient that simply eating grain]) |
| Popular Culture and Pollution | Although environment can accept some levels of waste from human activities, the waste generated by popular culture is too much= Waste is discharged in all 3 forms (solid, liquid, gas) but the most visible is solid waste (these are often discharged rather than recycled) |
| When can folk culture hurt the environment? | When natural processes are ignored= Many believe that native people of Western Hemisphere practiced more "natural" ecologically sensitive agriculture before arrival of Columbus and other Europeans but in actuality their practices included burning grasslands/etc.= Very high rates of soil erosion have been documented in Central America from practice of folk culture |
| Earth's heterogenous collection of languages is an example of what? | Clear example of cultural diversity |
| Ethnologue | (One of most authoritative sources of languages) estimates world has 7,299 languages= Only 10 (including English) are spoken by 100 million people= Several are familiar to North Americans (Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, German) and others less familiar (Mandarin, Hindi, Bengali, Arabic, Japanese)= 100 languages are spoken by 5 million people (including 10 biggest ones)= 70 spoken between 2 million and 5 million people= Remaining 6,000 or more are spoken by fewer than 2 million people |
| Language | System of communication through speech= Collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning |
| Literary Tradition | A system of written communication= Many spoken languages lack this |
| What makes it hard to document distribution of many languages? | Lack of written record |
| Official Language | The language used by the government for laws, reports, and public objects (i.e. road signs, money, stamps)= Understood by most/all of the country's citizens |
| Countries with 2 or more official languages | May require all public documents to be in all languages |
| Official Language of countries that were once British colonies | Some designate English as official language even though few of their citizens speak it |
| Language is apart of what? | Culture, which has 2 main meanings: people's values and their tangible artifacts |
| 3 traits that best distinguish cultural values | Language, religion, ethnicity |
| What is communicated through language | Cultural values (such as religion and ethnicity) |
| Current distribution of language around world results largely from | Past migrations= Language is like luggage (is carried the people when they move, they incorporate new words into own language when reach new place, contribute words brought with them to language at new location)) |
| Geographers look at the similarities among languages to... | Understand the diffusion/interaction of people around the world |
| Why has English achieved unprecedented globalization? Result | People around world learning it to participate in global economy/culture= However, people also trying to preserve local diversity in language |
| Why do people try to preserve local diversity in language | Language is one of basic elements of cultural identity and a major feature of a region's uniqueness= Language is source of pride and a symbol of unity |
| As culture develops, language... | is both a cause and consequence of the development |
| Cause of global distribution of languages | Due to interaction and isolation |
| People in 2 locations speak same language because... | Of migration from 1 of locations to another |
| If 2 groups have few connections with each other after they migrate... | Language spoken by each will begin to differ= After long time without contact, languages will be so diff. that they are 2 separate languages |
| Regions of individual languages and entire language families are explained by... | Interplay between interaction and isolation= Difference is that individual languages emerged recently as result of historically documented events while language families emerged long time ago before recorded history |
| Development of English | Developed as distinct language in England as result of migration and following isolation of Germans and Normans |
| Development of individual Romance Languages | Developed as result of migration and isolation of Romans to other parts of Europe |
| Development of Indo-European language family | Developed due to migration and following isolation of people and can only be reconstructed through theories |
| Language: Origin and diffusion | Originates at particular place and diffuses to other places through migration of its speakers |
| English | Spoken fluently more than any other language except for Mandarin= Is an official language in 50 countries (more than any other language)= 1/3 of world (2 billion people) live in a country where English is an official language even if they can't speak it= Is an official language in most of former British colonies |
| Speakers of Mandarin | Clustered in 1 country (China) |
| Speakers of English | Distributed around world |
| Cause of present distribution of English speakers | People of England migrated with their language when founded |
| Diffusion of English | 1st diffused west from England to North America (since 1st English colonies were in North America)= After England defeated France in battle to control Norther America, English was assured as principal language of North America= Also, British took control of other colonies and English became an official language (even if few could speak it)= Recently, US responsible for diffusing English to Philippines (official languages are Filipino [Tagalog] and English) |
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