| A | B |
|---|
| cognitive activity | Mental process, such as a dream or memory |
| Kenneth Clark | Psychologist who studied the effect of segregation on children |
| structuralism | School of psychology that looks at the basic elements of conscious experience |
| sociolcultural perspective | Contemporary psychological approach that emphasizes study of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioleconomic status |
| John B. Watson | Founder of the school of behaviorism |
| Socrates | Philosopher who stressed the importance of introspection |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Founded structuralism |
| Gestalt psychology | School of psychology that describes experience as a whole rather than broken down into parts |
| behavior | Action that can be observed or measured |
| William James | Wrote the first modern psychology textbook |
| pupil | Opening in the colored part of the eye |
| cochlea | Bony tube in the inner ear that contains fluid and neurons |
| stroboscopic motion | Illusion of movement produced by a rapid progression of images |
| retina | Sensitive surface of the eye that acts like the film in a camera |
| olfactory nerve | Nerve that sends information about odors to the brain |
| difference threshold | Minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli |
| photoreceptor | Neuron that is sensitive to light |
| continuity | Perceptual preference for seeing smooth, continuous patterns |
| absolute threshold | Weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed |
| closure | Tendency to perceive a whole figure even when there are gaps in sensory input |
| sleep apnea | Breathing interruption that occurs during sleep |
| amphetamine | Stimulant used to help people stay awake and reduce appetite |
| circadian rhythm | Biological clock |
| hallucination | Perception of an object or a sound that seems real but is not |
| rapid-eye-movement sleep | Stage of sleep in which we have the most vivid dreams |
| altered state of consciousness | State of awareness in which a person's sense of self or of the world alters |
| narcolepsy | Sleep problem in which people suddenly fall asleep no matter what time it is |
| delusion | False idea that seems real |
| detoxification | Removal of poisonous substances from the body |
| biofeedback | System that feeds back information about something happening in the body |
| episodic memory | memory of a specific event |
| generic memory | general knowledge that people remember |
| procedural memory | memory that consists of skills one has learned |
| encoding | process of memory in which the brain translates incoming information into visual, acoustic, or semantic codes |
| storage | the process of memory that involves the maintenance of encoded information over a period of time |
| maintenance rehearsal | a memory strategy of repeating information over and over to avoid forgetting, but is a poor method for permanent storage |
| elaborative rehearsal | a memory strategy that creates a meaningful link between new information and information that is already known |
| retrieval | memory process that involves locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought |
| state-dependent memories | memories that are retrieved because the mood in which they were originally encoded is recreated |
| context-dependent memories | memories that are more easily retrieved in the place or similar location in which it was encoded and stored |
| sensory memory | stage of memory that consists of the immediate, initial recording of information that has entered through a person's senses |
| short-term memory | stage of memory that is also called working memory and is memory that holds information briefly before it is stored or forgotten |
| long-term memory | stage of memory capable of large and relatively permanent storage |
| primacy effect | the tendency to recall the first items in a series |
| recency effect | the tendency to recall the last items in a series |
| chunking | the organization of items into familiar or manageable units |
| recognition | memory task of identifying objects that have been encountered before |
| recall | memory task of bringing something back to mind |
| decay | the fading away of a memory which is the cause of most forgetting |
| repression | forgetting disturbing memories by pushing them out of one's consciousness |
| infantile amnesia | the form of forgetting in which a person cannot remember events from his or her childhood |
| anterograde amnesia | memory loss from trauma preventing new memories |
| retrograde amnesia | memory loss of the time before the traumatic event |
| mnemonic devices | systems for remembering information such as creating a poem to remember another person's name |
| flashbulb memory | special kind of episodic memory where events are recalled in great detail |
| visual code | type of code that uses mental pictures |
| acoustic code | type of code that uses a sequence of sounds |
| semantic code | type of code that has meaning to make sense of the code |
| organizational systems | methods of filing information into files or folders by grouping similar information together |
| filing errors | information that has been misplaced making retrieval difficult |
| tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | information that we feel close to retrieving, but are unable to do so easily |
| icons | mental pictures of visual stimuli |
| iconic memory | the sensory register where icons are stored |
| eidetic imagery | the ability to remember visual stimuli over long periods of time |
| photographic memory | another name given to eidetic imagery |
| echoes | mental traces of sounds |
| interference | this is what happens when new information appears in short-term memory and replaces what was already there |
| schemas | mental representations that we form of the world by organizing bits of information into knowledge |
| relearning | memory task where material is learned a second time, usually in less time than it was originally learned |
| drill and practice | a strategy for improving memory through the use of maintenance rehearsal |
| relate to things you already know | a strategy for improving memory through the use of elaborative rehearsal |
| form unusual associations | a strategy for improving memory where humor or creativity may be used to help it stand out thus remember more easily |
| construct links | a strategy for improving memory that is often used in learning a foreign language by attaching meaning |
