| A | B |
|---|
| developmental norms | describes the typical rates of growth, sequences of growth, and forms of physical skills, language, cognition, emotion, and social behavior |
| culture | the idea that groups of people are organized in specific ways, live in specific environmental niches, and share specific behavioral standards, beliefs, values, and practices |
| cultural norms | the idea that each society selects certain behaviors that are of value to it and socializes its members to act accordingly |
| ethnicity | denotes common customs, values, language, or traits that are associated with national origin or geographical area |
| race | a distinction based on physical characteristics, can also be associated with share customs, values and the like |
| gender norms | expectations based on gender that powerfully influence development and affect emotions, behaviors, opportunities and choices. |
| situational norms | judgments of deviance or normality of behavior that describe what is expected in specific settings or social situations |
| demonology | the belief that abnormal behavior results from a person's being possessed or otherwise influenced by evil spirits or demons |
| somatogenesis | that mental disorder can be attributed to bodily malfunction or imbalance |
| syndromes | belief that mental disorder can be attributed to bodily malfunction or imbalance |
| psychoanalytic theory | the first modern systematic attempt to understand mental disorders in psychological terms; associated with treatment in the form of psychoanalysis |
| psychogenesis | the belief that mental problems are caused by psychological variables |
| id, ego, and superego | three structures of the mind whose goals and tasks made conflict inevitable |
| defense mechanisms | a protective scenario created by the ego to distort or deny awareness of unacceptable impulses |
| psychosexual stage theory | as the child develops, the focus on psychological energy passes from one bodily zone to the next, leading the child through five fixed stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital |
| behaviorism | Watson's idea that most behavior, adaptive or maladaptive, could be explained by learning experiences - not a stage theory |
| classical conditioning | learning occurs through the pairing of new with old stimuli |
| Law of Effect | behavior is shaped by its consequences - proposed by E.L. Thorndike |
| operant learning | the application of behavioral consequences to the shaping of behavior - proposed by Skinner |
| observational learning | highlights the social context and cognition - proposed by Bandura |
| mental hygiene movement | aimed to increase understanding, improve treatment, and prevent disorder from - championed by Clifford Beers |
| child guidance movement | attention focused on childhood experiences that were viewed as influencing adult mental health - championed by Witmer, Healy and Fernald |
| therapeutic alliance | efforts to create a partnership between mental health works and clients that forges a trusting personal bond and collaboration on tasks of treatment |
| behavior modification or behavior therapy | the explicit application of learning principles to the assessment and treatment of behavioral problems |
| social learning or cognitive-behavioral perspectives | approaches that emphasize the combination or learning principles and the social context and/or cognition |
