| A | B |
|---|
| Social cognitive processing | Has to do with thinking about the social world. Focuses on how individuals take in, understand, and interpret social situation and how behavior is then affected |
| Emotion | Consists of three elements (1) private “feelings” (2) autonomic nervous system arousal and bodily reactions, and (3) overt behavioral expressions – can be relatively brief or as general mood states |
| Goodness-of-fit | How the child’s behavioral tendencies fit with parental characteristics and other environmental circumstances |
| Temperament | Generally refers to basic disposition or makeup – researched extensively by Thomas & Chess |
| Disorganized/disoriented attachment | Reflects a lack of consistent strategy to organize behavior under stressful situations |
| Insecure attachment | A weak or nonexistent bond between individuals that influences child development |
| Secure attachment | A strong socioemotional bond between individual that influences child development |
| Attachment | the social-emotional bond created by interactions – initially investigated by Bowlby |
| Homotypic continuity | Disorders may be manifested over time by a relatively stable symptom presentation |
| Heterotypic continuity | The expression of some disorders may change with development |
| Developmental tasks | Competence regarding cultural age-expectations applied to young people |
| Resilience | Defined by relatively positive outcome in the face of significantly adverse or traumatic experiences. Speaks to individual differences in response to risk, in the ability to resist or overcome life’s adversities. |
| Risk factors | Variables that precede and increase the chance of psychological impairments |
| Multifinality | Refers to the fact that an experience may function differently depending on a hose of other influences that may lead to different outcomes |
| Equifinality | Refers to the fact that diverse paths, or factors, can be associated with the same outcome |
| Contributing cause | Are not necessary or sufficient but may contribute by adding or multiplying their effect to reach a threshold to produce the problem |
| Sufficient cause | A cause, that can, in and of itself, be responsible for the occurrence of a disorder |
| Necessary cause | A cause that must be present in order for the disorder to occur |
| Moderator | A variable that influences the direction or the strength of the relationships between an independent (predictor) and a dependent (criterion) variable |
| Mediator | Refers to a factor or variable that explains or brings about an outcome by indirect means |
| Indirect effect | When variable “X” influences one or more other variables that, in turn, lead to the outcome |
| Direct effect | Variable “X” leads straight to the outcome |
| Medical model | Considers disorders to be discrete entities that result from specific and limited biological causes within the individual |
| Medical model | Change in the structure and function that occurs over time in living organisms. Typically viewed as change from the simple to the complex, development is the result of transactions among several variables |
| Development | Change in the structure and function that occurs over time in living organisms. Typically viewed as change from the simple to the complex, development is the result of transactions among several variables |
| Developmental psychopathology perspective | The study of behavioral disorders within the context of developmental influences |
| Ecological model | Situates the individual within a network of environmental influences and assumes transactions between the person and these influences, as well as among the several levels of the environment |
| Bispsychosocial mdoel | Integrates genetic activity, nervous system activity, behavior, and several aspects of the environment where change at one level of functioning is assumed to influence other levels |
| Systems models | Transactional models that incorporate several levels, or systems, of functioning in which development is viewed as occurring over time as the systems interact or enter into ongoing transactions with each other |
| Macrotheories | Grand theories that are sometimes criticized for trying and failing to explain too much or for having outlived their usefulness for generating testable hypotheses |
| Microtheories | Theories that tend to apply to circumscribed areas |
| Paradigm | A perspective or view or an approach or cognitive set that is shared by investigators that that typically include assumptions and concepts and ways to evaluate these |
| Transactional models | Assumption that development is the result of ongoing, reciprocal transactions between the individual and the environmental context |
| Vulnerability-stress model | Conceptualizes the multiple causes of psychopathology as the working together of a vulnerability factor(s) and a stress factor(s) |
| Interactional models | The assumption that variables interrelate to produce an outcome |
