| A | B |
|---|
| root system | the subterranean part of the plant body |
| shoot system | the arial portion of the plant body, consisting of stems and leaves |
| fibrous root (systems) | found in monocots: a mat of thin roots that spread out below the soil furface |
| taproot (system) | found in dicots: one large, vertical root that produces many smaller lateral, or branch roots |
| root hairs | found near root tips: increase surface area of the root for the absorption of water and minerals |
| adventitious | any plant part that grows in an atypical location |
| nodes | the points at which leaves are attached to the stem |
| internodes | the stem segments between nodes |
| axillary bud | a structure found in the angle formed by each leaf and stem, containing the potential to form a vegetative branch |
| terminal bud | found at the apex of a shoot or branch, has the potential to develop leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes |
| apical dominance | the inhibited growth of axillary buds due to the presence of terminal buds |
| blade | the flattened part of a leaf |
| petiole | the stalk which joins to a node of the stem |
| dermal tissue (epidermis) | a single layer of tightly packed cells that covers and protects all young parts of the plant |
| cuticle | a waxy coating, secreted by most stems and leaves, that helps the aerial parts of the plant retain water |
| vascular tissue | tissue (2 types) responsible for the transport of materials between roots and shoots |
| xylem | conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots |
| phloem | transports food made in mature leaves to the roots and to nonphotosynthetic parts of the shoot system |
| tracheids & vessel elements | water-conducting elements of xylem, elongated cells that are dead and when dissolved, leave cell walls behind for water to flow through |
| pits | thinner regions of secondary cell walls where only primary walls are present |
| xylem vessels | long micropipes, formed by the alignment of vessel cells from end to end |
| sieve-tube members | chains of cells that form tubes which transport mineral ions |
| sieve plates | end walls between sieve-tube members, which have pores that facilitate the flow of fluid from cell to cell along the sieve tube |
| companion cell | a non-conducting cell found alongside each sieve-tube member |
| ground tissue | tissue that is neither dermal nor vascular; functions for photosynthesis, storage, support, and as a filler |
| pith | ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue |
| cortex | ground tissue that is external to the vascular tissue |
| protoplast | cell contents exclusive of the cell wall (may contain chloroplast; can help identify cell) |
| paranchyma cells | "typical" plant cell, thin and flexible primary walls and most lack secondary walls |
| collenchyma cells | cells with un evenly thick primary walls that help support young parts of the plant shoot |
| sclerenchyma cells | cells with thick secondary walls that function as supporting elements |
| fibers | type of sclerenchyma cell that occurs in groups and is used commercially such as hemp fibers and flax fibers for linen |
| sclereids | type of sclerenchyma cell that is short and irregular in shape, imparting the hardness to nutshells and seed coats |
