| A | B |
|---|
| Bonneville | the ancient inland sea of North America |
| Great Salt Lake | remnants of Lake Bonneville |
| Canadian Shield | zone undergirded by ancient rock, anchoring northeastern North America |
| tidewater | eastern coastal plains of North America |
| glaciers | carved many valleys and lakes in North America |
| Ice Age | lowered sea levels globally |
| land bridge | the Bering isthmus between Asia and North America |
| Incas | Empire in Peru |
| Mayans | Empire in Central America |
| Aztecs | Empire in Mexico |
| maize | corn |
| agriculture | the basis of advanced civilizations |
| Mound Builders | Ohio Valley culture |
| Mississippian Culture | lower midwest culture |
| Anasazi | Southwest culture |
| Cahokia | center of Mississipian settlement near St. Louis |
| Iroquois Confederacy | powerful civilization of the northeastern woodlands |
| Hiawatha | founder of the Iroquois Confederation |
| L'Anse aux Meadows | Viking settlement in Newfoundland |
| Vinland | Norse name for Newfoundland |
| Crusades | attempts to reconquer the Holy Land from 1098 to 1492 |
| luxury goods | sugar, spices, perfumes, silk, |
| Genoa and Venice | Italian merchants who specialized in Asian luxury goods |
| Marco Polo | Italian adventurer whose stories made Europeans hungry for exploration |
| caravel | Portugese ocean going sailing ship |
| sugar plantations | needed slave labor |
| Spain and Portugal | earliest European slave trading nations |
| Bartholomeu Dias | first to sail around the tip of Africa |
| Vasco da Gama | sailed around the tip of Africa to India |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | unified Spain and expelled the Moors from Spain |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian mariner employed by Spain to find a western route to Asia |
| Columbian exchange | crops, livestock, diseases, people and raw materials that moved between Africa, Asia and the Americas after Columbus's voyages |
| Conquistadors | Spanish conquerors of the Aztecs and the Incas |
| Balboa | "discovered" the Pacific Ocean |
| Juan Ponce de Leon | explored Florida |
| Hernado Cortes | conquered the Aztec Empire |
| Francisco Pizarro | conquered the Inca Empire |
| de Soto | explored the Southeast and the Mississippi River Valley |
| Coronado | explored the Southwest |
| Tenochtitlan | capital of the Aztecs on a lake in Central Valley of Mexico |
| Moctezuma | Emperor of the Aztecs defeated by Cortes |
| John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) | Italian sailor who explored eastern North America for the English |
| Giovanni da Varrazano | Italian who explored North America for France |
| Jacques Cartier | explored the St. Lawrence River for France |
| Don Juan de Onate | founded New Mexico and brutally treated the local population |
| Pope's Rebellion | Indian uprising in New Mexico in 1680 |
| Treaty of Torsedillas | divided the Americas between Portugal and Spain |
| missions | Spanish settlements in what is now the Southwest United States |
| corn, tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco, beans chocolate | American crops that went to Europe in the Columbian exchange |
| turkeys | native to the Americas |
| pigs, horses, cattle | native to Europe and the Old World |
| small pox, measles, plague, influenza, typhus diptheria, scarlet fever | Old World diseases that decimated American populations |
| wheat, sugar, rice, coffee | Old World crops brought to America |
| sugar, rice, tobacco | required slave labor to make profitable |
| encomienda system | Spanish use of forced Indian labor on New World plantations |
