| A | B |
|---|
| 13th amendment | abolished slavery |
| 14th amendment | defined citizenship; equal protection clause |
| 15th amendment | black male suffrage |
| carpetbagger | Northerner who moved to the South |
| conscription | military draft |
| Freedmen's Bureau | federal agency set up to assist freed slaves |
| Ku Klux Klan | terrorist organization; wanted to restore white supremacy in the South |
| popular sovereignty | residents vote to decide an issue |
| Reconstruction | period of rebuilding following the Civil War |
| scalawag | white Southerner who joined the Republican party |
| secession | formal withdrawal of a state from the Union |
| sharecropping | landowners rent land in return for part of crop |
| Underground Railroad | system of routes along which runaway slaves were helped to escape north |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | book by Harriet Beecher Stowe; changed public opinion against slavery |
| Harriet Tubman | "Moses" of her people; led slaves on Undergorund Railroad |
| Dred Scott | slave who sued for freedom |
| Jefferson Davis | president of Confederacy |
| Stephen Douglas | Senator from IL; promoted popular sovereignty |
| John Brown | abolitionist; led attack on Harpers Ferry |
| Bull Run | VA; site of 1st major battle; a Confederate victory |
| Ft. Sumter | federal fort in SC; attacked by Confederate forces started Civil War |
| Ulysses S. Grant | head of Union forces during Civil War; US President |
| Robert E. Lee | head of Confederate army |
| Emancipation Proclomation | freed slaves in Confederacy |
| Gettysburg | PA battle that was turning point of war |
| Vicksburg | MS battle for control of Mississippi River |
| William Tecumseh Sherman | Union general; practiced total war |
| Appomattox | VA; site of Lee's surrender |
| John Wilkes Booth | Southern sympathizer; assassinated Lincoln |
| Radical Republicans | group of radical Northern Republicans in Congress |
| Andrew Johnson | Lincoln's VP; diasgreed with Congress over Reconstruction |
| Redeemers | Southern Democrats who wanted to remove Reconstruction gov'ts in south |
| Jim Crow laws | laws passed in Southern state that required racial segregation |
| Conquistador | conquerors |
| Great Awakening | revival of religious feeling 1730-50 |
| Indentured servant | person who contracted to work for a period of time |
| Joint-stock companies | businesses in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose |
| Loyalists | colonists who supported the British gov't |
| Mercantilism | economic system; nations increase wealth by obtaining gold & silver |
| Mestizo | mixed Spanish/ Native American ancestry |
| Middle passage | voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the Americas |
| Navigation Acts | laws that tightened England’s control of trade in the colonies |
| Patriots | colonists who supported American independence |
| Proclamation of 1763 | order that kept settlement west of the Appalachians |
| Sugar Act | law to reduce smuggling in the British colonies |
| Stamp Act | est. direct taxation of goods and services in British colonies |
| Triangular trade | transatlantic system of trade in which goods and slaves were exchanged |
| Abolition | movement to end slavery |
| Democratic-Republican | early political party' led by Jeff. |
| Federalism | gov't in which power is shared b/t national & states |
| Free enterprise | economic system; private businesses control means of production |
| Impressment | forcible seizure of men for military service |
| Jacksonian democracy | philosophy that common people are the source of American strength |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | est. lower federal court system |
| Manifest destiny | belief that America was destined to expand |
| Market revolution | major change in economy; people began buying goods instead of making them |
| Monroe Doctrine | 1823; policy of US opposition to European interference in W. hemisphere |
| Northwest Ordinance | law that est. a procedue for admission of new states |
| Nullification | state's refusal to recognize act of Congress |
| Protective tariff | tax on imported goods |
| Strike | work stoppage to force an employer to repsond to demands |
| Transcendentalism | movement that focused living a simple life |
| Gentlemen’s Agreement | agreement w/ Japan to limit the # of Japanese immigrants |
| gold standard | monetary system; currency back up by gold |
| graft | illegal use of political influence for personal gain |
| Homestead Act | proviced land in West to settlers |
| Morrill Act | created agricultural colleges in each state |
| muckraker | journalist who exposed social and political problems |
| nativism | favoring the interests of native-born people |
| political machine | organized group that controls a political party in a city |
| populism | political movement; demanded that people have a greater voice in gov't |
| progressive movement | reform movement seeking to fix the problems caused by industrialization |
| prohibition | 1920-1933; manufacture and sale of alcohol was prohibited |
| social Darwinism | theory that unrestrained competetion will ensure survival of the fittest |
| tenement | multifamily dwelling unit |
| transcontinental railroad | railroad line linking East and West coasts |
| urbanization | growth of cities |
| vertical and horizontal integration | company takes over suppliers and competitors |
| Andrew Carnegie | controlled steel industry |
| John D. Rockefeller | controlled oil industry |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | controlled railroad industry |
| Upton Sinclair | muckraker; wrote "The Jungle" |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | law that made it illegal to form a trust |
| Industrial Workers of the World | the "Wobblies"; socialist labor union |
| Ellis Island | immigrant processing center in NY |
| Square Deal | T. Roosevelt's various progressive reforms |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act |
| Armistice | truce |
| Dollar diplomacy | US policy of using economic influence over other countries |
| Great Migration | movement of African-Americans north during WWI |
| Imperialism | policy of extending a nation's authority over others |
| League of Nations | association of nations to promote peace and cooperation |
| Militarism | aggressive building up of armed forces |
| Platt Amendment | part of Cuban constitution; gave US right to intervene |
| Protectorate | country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger country |
| Reparations | war debts paid by loser in a war |
| Roosevelt Corollary | US claimed right to protects its economic interests in western hemisphere |
| Rough Riders | volunteer regiment in Spanish-American War |
| Treaty of Paris | ended Spanish-American War |
| Trench warfare | fighting from system of fortified ditches |
| Yellow journalism | use of sensationalized reporting to gain readers |
| USS Maine | US ship that exploded in Havana harbor |
| Lusitania | British ship destroyed by German U-boat |
| U-boats | German submarines |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | heir to Austria-Hungarian throne; killed in 1914 |
| Alfred T. Mahan | US admiral; urged US to build stronger navy |
| Jose Marti | Cuban revolutionary |
| Open Door policy | Western powers shared control of China |
| Zimmerman telegram | message to German minister on Mexico urging Mexico to ally with Germany |
| Allied Powers | Britain, France, Russia |
| Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary |
| doughboys | nickname for US soldiers in WWI |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | Republica Senator; opposed Treaty of Versailles |
| Treaty of Versailles | ended WWI |
