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| Cell | Collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life. |
| Cell Theroy | Idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells. |
| Nucleus | The center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; In cells, structure that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities |
| Eukaryote | Organism whose cells contain nuclei. |
| Prokaryote | Single-celled organism lacking a nucleus. |
| Organelle | Specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell. |
| Cytoplasm | Material inside the cell membrane-not including the nucleus. |
| Chromatin | Granular material visible within the nucleus; Consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins. |
| Chromosome | Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next. |
| Ribosome | Small particles in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and proteins |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and proteins are modified. |
| Golgi apparatus | Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Lysosome | Cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell. |
| Vacuole | Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. |
| Mitochondria | Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. |
| Chloroplast | Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy. |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement. |
| Centriole | One of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope. |
| Cell Membrane | Thin, flexible barrier around a cell; Regulates what enters and what leaves the cell. |
| Cell wall | Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria. |
| Lipid bilayer | Double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes. |
| Concentration | The mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume. |
| Diffusion | Process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. |
| Equilibrium | When the concentration of a solute is the same through out a solution. |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Isotonic | When the concentration of two solutions is the same. |
| Hypertonic | When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes. |
| Hyportonic | When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Movement of specific molecules across cell membrane through protein channels. |
| Active transport | Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference. |
| Endocytosis | Process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane. |
| Phagocytosis | Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell. |
| Exocytosis | Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material. |
| Tissue | Group of similar cells that perform a particular function. |
| Organ | Group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions. |
| Organ system | Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. |
