| A | B |
|---|
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward | 1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that states could not interfere with private contracts |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | 1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Congress has the authority to take actions necessary to fulfill its constitutional duties. |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | 1824 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that states could not regulate commerce on interstate waterways. |
| Monroe Doctrines | Declaration by President Monroe in 1823 that the United States would oppose efferts by any outside power to control a nation in the Western Hemisphere. |
| American System | A combination of government-backed economic development and protective tariffs aimed at encouraging business growth |
| patronage | Practice of hiring political supporters for government jobs |
| spoils system | System or practice of giving appointed offices as rewards from the successful party in an election; name for the patronage system under President Jackson. |
| Tariff of 1828 | A high tariff on imports that benefited the industrial North while forcing Southerners to pay higher prices on manufactured goods; called the "Tariff of Abominations" by Southerners |
| nullify | To reject, as in when a state judges a federal law to be unconstitutional |
| states' rights | The powers that the Constitution neither gives to the federal government nor denies to the states |
| secede | To withdraw formally from a membership in a group or organization |
| Indian Removal Act | 1830 law calling for the President to give Native Americans land in parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange for land taken from them in the east. |
| Trail of Tears | The forced movement of Cherokees in 1838 to land west of the Mississippi River |
| Black Hawk War | Uprising led by a warrior named Black Hawk in which Native Americans tried to reclaim their land in the Illinois Territory |
| Second Seminole War | 1835 war in which the Seminoles tried to retain their land in Florida |
