| A | B |
|---|
| excommunication | punishment consisting of being deprived of the sacraments and being excluded from the fellowship of the church |
| interdict | the suspension of public church services and the administration of most of the sacraments in a given location |
| inquisition | a special church court commissioned by the pope to stamp out heresy |
| heresy | the holding of beliefs contrary to the teaching of the church |
| Holy Roman Empire | the name given to the German empire once it allied itself with the Roman church and because it was symbolically similar to the ancient Roman empire |
| Angles and Saxons | a Germanic tribe that invaded Britain and transformed Roman Britain into "Angle land" |
| Danes | Scandinavian Vikings that raided Britain while it was inhabited by the Angles and Saxons |
| Harold | chosen by the English nobles in 1066 to take the throne after Edward the Confessor |
| William | Edward's cousin that claimed the throne after his death in 1066 |
| Battle of Hastings | October 14, 1066; William defeated Harold and claimed the English throne establishing the Norman line of kings. |
| Henry II | a Frenchman who claimed the English throne and strengthened the royal authority by expanding the jurisdiction of the royal courts |
| Henry II | owned more land outside of England than within which caused jealous rivalries between England and France |
| King John | clashed with the pope over who should be chosen as archbishop of Canterbury which led to Pope Innocent III excommunicating the king |
| Richard I | succeeded his father, Henry II, and participated in the Third Crusade |
| Louis IX of France | led two crusades against the Muslims in North Africa and is known today as Saint Louis |
| Philip II of France | participated in The Kings' Crusade but argued with Rich the Lion-Hearted so much that he took his army and went home |
| Magna Carta | a document which John was forced to sign which limited the king's power |
| "power of the purse" | method by which Parliament was able to control the king's power and thus transformed itself from an adivisory body into a legislative body |
| Ile-de-France | land around Paris which was controlled by the king |
| Philip II of France | tripled the size of his landholdings by taking land away from King John of England |
| Louis IX of France | primary goals of his reign were peace and justice |
| Urban II | the pope that called for the First Crusade in 1095 to reclaim Jerusalem |
| First Crusade | the most successful crusade |
| Frederick of Germany | drowned on the way to the Kings' Crusade |
| Kings' Crusade | led by Richard the Lion-Hearted, Philip II of France, and Frederick of Germany |
| Fourth Crusade | ended with the crusaders capturing the city of Constantinople |
| Alfred the Great | defeated the Danes and laid the foundation for a unified England |
| Domesday Book | a book compiled by William to determine the taxable resources that would be available to him |
| common law | the result of Henry II's uniform laws for England |
| Parliament | an advisory body established by Edward I that included chief vassals, knights, and regular citizens |
| Philip IV of France | created the Estates-General which included member of three different classes of people to advise him on policies |
| Welsh | the people of Wales |
| Edward I of England | subdued the Welsh and made his son the Prince of Wales |
| Canute | Danish ruler who retook England after Alfred the Great's death |
| Anglo-Saxon Chronicle | compiled by monks during the reign of Alfred to trace England's history from the Romans to Alfred's day |
| Frederick I of Germany | also known as Barbarossa, formed a marriage alliance between his son and the heiress of Sicily |
| Frederick II of Germany | grew up in Sicily; heir to the German and Sicilian thrones; broke his promise to Innocent III |
