| A | B |
|---|
| Washington's Farewell Address | an address to the nation in which he advised the United States to stay away from foreign alliances (Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793) |
| Hamilton's financial plan | an economic plan including the creation of the national bank using the Elastic Clause ("necessary and proper" laws) |
| Whiskey Rebellion | an unsuccessful farmer revolt against the tax on whiskey that proved the U.S. Constitution a strong central gov't |
| Federalists | a first political party who believed in a strong federal government; Alexander Hamilton |
| Democrat-Republicans | a first political party who believed in state power; Thomas Jefferson |
| Monroe Doctrine | a speech directed towards European nations to stay out of the western hemisphere ("hands off the western hemisphere"); helped to keep the U.S. neutral |
| Marshall Court | strengthened the power of the national government over the state governments |
| Indian Removal Act | Andrew Jackson moved the Indians west of the Mississippi River on what became known as the Trail of Tears |
| Manifest Destiny | the belief that it was the United States divine mission to spread democracy to the Pacific Ocean |
| Marbury v. Madison | the Supreme Court has the right of judicial review |
| Missouri Compromise | Maine a free state, Missouri a slave state; created the 36 30 parallel |
| Compromise of 1850 | admitted California as a free state; enacted a strict Fugitive Slave law |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | the residents voted on whether to be a free or slave state; resulted in "Bleeding Kansas" |
| popular sovereignty | the right of the people to choose |
| Dred Scott v. Sanford | the Supreme Court ruled "slaves are property, not citizens" |
| suspension of the writ of habeas corpus | to take away one's rights during time of crisis |
| Reconstruction | the rebuilding of the nation after the Civil War |
| Ten Percent Plan | Lincoln's attempt to easily admit Southern seceded states back into the Union as quickly as possible to fulfill his goal of preserving the union |
| Radical Republican Plan | the harsh plan requiring martial law in Southern states until they agreed to all Union requests |
| Jim Crow laws | laws that segregate the races |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | a Supreme Court case that established "separate but equal" is legal |
| Natural rights | Enlightenment thinker John Locke's belief that everyone has the right to life, liberty and property; used in the Declaration of Independence |
| Virginia House of Burgesses | first form of representative democracy in America |
| Proclamation of 1763 | Britain's attempt to keep the colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains |
| Mercantilism | an economic system in which the mother country requires its colonies to supply raw materials and buy finished products |
| "Common Sense" | a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine appealing to colonists to join the Patriot cause and fight for independence |
| Declaration of Independence | a document written by Thomas Jefferson listing colonial grievances against the British monarchy |
| Mayflower Compact | a form of self-government in which the settlers pledged to mutually govern their colony together |
| Proclamation Line of 1763 | a British law keeping the colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains |
| Declaration of Independence | a list of grievances (reasons) directed to the King of England stating why the colonists were declaring their independence; includes references to Locke's natural rights |
| Articles of Confederation | created a weak central gov't giving states too much power |
| U.S. Constitution | created a strong central gov't balancing power among the states and the federal gov't |
| Shays' Rebellion | this event proved the Articles of Confederation to be insufficient |
| bicameral legislature | 2-house legislature |
| Great Compromise | dealt with the issue of representation in Congress creating Senate and the House of Representatives |
| Ratification Debates | the Federalists and Anti-federalists debated the need of the U.S. Constitution |
| Federalism | the system of shared powers among the states and federal gov't |
| Checks and Balances | the system keeping one branch of gov't from becoming too powerful (veto, override, impeach) |
| Federal Census | the population count taken every 10 years to determine representation in Congress |
| Reserved powers | powers of the state gov't |
| Delegated powers | powers of the federal gov't |
| Concurrent powers | powers shared among the state and federal gov't |
| Judicial Review | the power of the Supreme Court to rule laws unconstitutional |
| Three-fifths Compromise | Dealt with the issue of slavery for representation |
| Federalists | Favored ratification of the Constitution that would provide a strong national government |
| Anti-Federalists | Wanted a weak national government and a bill of rights |
| Federalist Papers | A series pro-ratification essays encouraging the passage of the Constitution |
| Bill of Rights | First ten amendments to the Constitution which protect one's civil liberties |
| Legislative Branch | makes laws; has the power to override presidential vetoes |
| Executive Branch | enforces laws; has the power to appoint judges and veto laws |
| Judicial Branch | interprets laws; has the power to determine laws unconstitutional |
| Elastic Clause | Congress can make all laws "necessary and proper" for carrying out the tasks listed in the Constitution |
| Thirteenth Amendment | Abolition of slavery |
| Fourteenth Amendment | Citizenship and civil rights |
| Fifteenth Amendment | Voting rights for African American men |
| Unwritten Constitution | actions that occur within the government that are not necessarily written in the Constitution, such as, establishing the Presidential cabinet, judicial review, political parties and the committee system |
| Louisiana Puchase | 1803-Buying the Lousiana territory for $15 million from the French; doubled the size of the country; Jefferson contradicted his strict interpretation of the Constitution |
| War of 1812 | war fought with Britain over shipping rights and conscription, 2nd war of independence |
| Sectionalism | identifying oneself with their state or area rather than as an American |
| Emancipation Proclamation | January 1, 1865 freed the slaves in the Confederacy; helped the North win the Civil War |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | a book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe revealing the evils of slavery in the South |
| John Brown's Raid | Abolitionist John Brown's last attempt to arm the slaves in hopes of freeing them; unsuccessful; the Civil War was inevitable |
| Declaration of Sentiments | a document written for the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 stating the rights of women including the right to vote |
| protective tariff | an economic tool to protect U.S. manufacturers from foreign competition |
| separation of powers | the division of power between the three branches - executive, legislative, and judicial |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | a law put in place under the Articles of Confederation that established the process for territories to become states |
| 22nd Amendment | the President can serve no more than 2 terms (8 years) in office |
| Spoils system | a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters |
| Worcester v. Georgia | a Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall rules in favor of the Cherokee staying on their land, yet moved by President Jackson anyway |
| sharecropping | the new mode of farming in the south after the Civil War that was similar to slavery in which freedman would sign a contract to farm land and make little to no money at all |
| Black Codes | ways used to keep African American males from voting after the passage of the 15th Amendment (poll taxes, literacy tests, Grandfather clauses) |
| Homestead Act, 1862 | a law encouraging westward expansion by providing 160 free acres to any American citizen willing to improve the land for 5 years |
| Pacific Railroad Act, 1862 | a law granting permission to build the transcontinental railroad |
| Dawes Severalty Act, 1887 | a law intended to break up tribal lands, but forced Native Americans to assimilate into American culture (reservations, Carlisle School) |
| Robber baron | the ruthless business tactics industrialists used to gain their wealth (i.e. monopolies) |
| Social Darwinism | an attitude based on the theory "survival of the fittest" (i.e. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company) |
| monopoly | a cutthroat business tactic used to eliminate competition |
