| A | B |
|---|
| element | a substance that can't be broken down |
| trace elements | elements that are present in very small amounts |
| mixture | a combination of substances in which individual substances retain their own propertiess |
| solution | a mixture in which one or more substances are distributed evenly in another substance |
| compounds | a substance that is composed of atoms of different elements chemically combined |
| atom | smallest part of an element that still retains all the properties of that element |
| nucleus | center of an atom |
| protons | p+ positively charged |
| neutrons | n no charge |
| electrons | e- negatively charged |
| electron energy levels | electrons travel around the nucleus in certain regions called energy levels |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| molecule | a group of atoms held together by bonds and having no overall charge |
| bonds | how compounds are held together |
| covalent bond | 2 atoms share electrons |
| ionic bond | 1 atom gives up an electron to another atom to become more stable |
| ion | any atom that gains or loses an electron and has an electrical charge |
| anion | a negatively charged ion |
| cation | a positively charged ion |
| carbohydrates | organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
| monosacharide | simplist type of carbohydrate ex. glucose and fructose |
| disacharide | formed when 2 monnosacharides combine ex. sucrose |
| polysacharide | 3 or more monosacharides linked together ex. starch, cellulose |
| lipids | organic compounds that have a large proportion of carbon-hydrogen bonds and less oxygen that carbohydrates ex. beef fat |
| proteins | large, complex molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| amino acids | building blocks of proteins ex. hair, fingernails |
| nucleic acids | complex macromolecule composed of nucleotides ex. DNA, RNA |
| energy | ability to do work |
| energy nutrients | carbohydrates, fats/lipids, proteins |
| calories | unit of measure for energy |
| 1 gram of fat | 9 calories |
| 1 gram of carbohydrate | 4 calories |
| 1 gram of protein | 4 calories |
| calories you don't burn | calories stored as fat |
| water | most common liquid on earth and makes up approx. 65% of mass of humans |
| polar molecule | positive and negative charge |
| non-polar molecule | either one overall charge or no charge |
| acid | any substance that forms hydrogen ions in water ex. HCl hydrochloric acid |
| base | any substance that froms hydroxide ions in water ex. cleaning products |
| pH | power of the hydrogen ion or potential of hydrogen |
| more acidic a substance | the more hydrogen ions are present within a substance |
| more basic a substance | the more hydroxide ions are present within a substance |
| strong acid | lower number on the pH scale |
| strong base | higher number on the pH scale |
| 7 on the pH scale | neutral ex. pure water and blood |
| 0 on the pH scale | ex. battery acid, HCl |
| 14 on the pH scale | ex. oven cleaner |
| micromolecules | small molecules |
| macromolecules | large molecules with smaller molecules put together |
| organic molecules | molecules with a carbon-carbon bond |
