| A | B |
|---|
| Alleles | Alternative versions of a gene e.g. B = Brown eyes, |
| Amniotic sac | Bag the embryo develops in |
| Animal housing | Needs to be dry, draught free and well ventilated |
| Artificial insemination (AI). | Frozen semen is thawed and put into the uterus through a straw. Advantages – many offspring from good males e.g. cattle – improved milk yield, pigs – improved growth rate. |
| Bacteria | Cause diseases such as mastitis (infected teats) |
| Bulk food | Animals eat lots of this e.g. grass, hay, silage. |
| Characteristic | Feature of an animal e.g. hardiness, growth rate, colour |
| Chromosomes | These are rods of DNA which carry information from one generation to the next. |
| Concentrate | Food high in energy and protein e.g. cow cake |
| Dominant | Allele which will always be shown if present and will mask any recessives e.g. B = brown eyes |
| Embryo | A ball of cells. The fertilised egg develops into this. |
| Embryo transfer | Taking fertilised eggs and putting the into other females. |
| Extensive livestock management | Spreading stock over a large area, free range. Advantages – better welfare means happier animals, higher price for products. Disadvantages needs more labour, more expensive. |
| Feed intake | The amount an animal eats |
| Fertilisation | Sperm and egg meeting and joining together. |
| Foetus | Embryo turns into this – unborn offspring. |
| Fungi | Can cause disease e.g. ringworm |
| Gametes | Sex cells. Male = sperm. Female = eggs (ova) |
| Genes | Bits of DNA which control specific characteristics e.g. eye colour |
| Genotype | Combination of alleles in the individual e.g. BB, Bb, bb |
| Growth rate | How fast an animal grows |
| Hardiness | How tough an animal is, how well it can survive in harsh conditions |
| Husbandry | Looking after animals |
| Hybrid vigour | Doing extra well due to being a cross breed |
| ICT | Used to manage farms e.g. computer controlled feed for dairy cattle according to their milk production – the more milk they give the more food they get – this is controlled by an electronic tag around their neck. |
| Intensive livestock management | Animals closely packed together indoors e.g. battery chickens. Advantages – higher profits, less labour costs. Disadvantages – worse living conditions (poor animal welfare), diseases can spread quickly. |
| Loss of condition | Symptoms of being unwell e.g. dull coat, weight loss or poor growth, scouring (diarrhoea), head down, away from the rest. |
| Mastitis | Bacterial infection of the teats and udder. |
| Maintenance ration | Amount of food just needed to keep going. |
| Milk yield | Amount of milk given. |
| Move an animal safely | Be quiet. Cut off exits. Stay out of danger zones. |
| Ovary | This produces the eggs (ova) |
| Oviduct | This tube links the ovary to the uterus (womb). Fertilisation takes place here. |
| Parasite | Creature which feeds off another one e.g. lice, intestinal worms, fleas, blowfly maggots. |
| Penis | Male sex organ for putting semen into a female’s vagina |
| Phenotype | What characteristics an organism show e.g. BB and Bb will both be brown eyed phenotype. |
| Placenta | Pad of flesh which attaches to the inside of the uterus (womb). The umbilical cord is attached to this. It allows oxygen and food to flow from the mother to the offspring, and CO2 and waste to flow back to the mother. |
| Production ration | Amount of extra food given to an animal so that it can give it’s yield e.g. milk |
| Rare breeds | These need to be preserved to keep their genes going in case we need them some day. |
| Recessive | Allele which will only be shown if there is no dominant allele present e.g. bb will give blue eyes, Bb will give brown eyes so b is recessive. |
| Salmonella | Bacteria causing food poisoning. |
| Selective breeding | Choosing individuals to breed from which have characteristics you wish to pass on or develop in your animals e.g. in dairy high milk yield in Friesian/Holstein cattle, in hens good layers. |
| Silage | Grass preserved by excluding air (pickling!) |
| Sperm duct | Tube leading from the testis to the penis |
| TB | Tuberculosis. Bacterial disease especially of cattle causing breathing difficulties – leads to death. Humans can catch it. Carried by badgers. |
| Testis | Male sex organ where sperm are made. |
| Tetanus | Bacterial disease – found in soil. Danger through puncture wounds e.g. stepping on nails or bites. Causes lockjaw. |
| Umbilical cord | Joins belly button (navel) of embryo to the placenta of it’s mother |
| Uterus | the womb. Embryo develops inside this. |
| Vagina | Flexible tube joining the uterus to the outside word. The penis goes into this and the offspring come out through it. |
| Viruses | Tiny living things which can cause disease e.g. foot and mouth, Blue tongue, Avian ‘flu |
