| A | B |
|---|
| Minaeral | a natural, inorganic, crystalline solid.I |
| Inorganic | is a substance that is not made up of living things or the remains of living things. |
| Two main group of minerals | silicate minerals and nonsilicate minerals |
| Silicate Minerals | All of these minerals contain atoms of silicon(Si) and oxygen (O) |
| Quartz | consist of only silicon and oxygen atoms |
| Fedlspars | most common silicate minerals depends on which metal combines with the silicon and oxygen atoms. |
| Orthoclase | results when metal is potassium (K) |
| Plagioclase | forms when the metal is sodium(Na), calcium(ca) or both |
| Silicate minerals make up | 96% of the earth's crust |
| Fedlspar and quartz make up more than | 50 % of the crust |
| Nonsolicate minerals make up | 4 % of the of the earth's crust |
| nonsilicate minerals are classified into 6 major groups | carbonates, halides, native elements, oxides, sulfates, and sulfides |
| Carbonates | example is Dolomite or a Calcite |
| Halides | example is Halite or a Fluorite |
| Native Elements | example is Silver and Copper |
| Oxides | Example is Corundum and a Hematite |
| Sulfates | example is a Gypsum and an Anhydrite |
| Sulfieds | Example is a Galena and a Pyrite |
| For every 1 silcon, there are | 2 oxygens |
| Most common minerals are called | rock-forming minerals |
| Crystal | natural solid with define internal pattern |
| Isolated Tetrahedral Silicates and Ring Silicates | contains silicon-oxygen tetrahedra that are linked only by atoms of elements other than silicon and osygen. for example olivine |
| Single-chain Silicates | made up of minerals called pyroxenes |
| Double-chain Silicates | mineral made up of amphiboles |
| Sheet Silicates | shares three (O) atoms |
| Framework silicate | bonded to 4 neighboring tetrahedra |
| mineralogists | Earth scientist that conduct test with special equipment to properly identify minerals |
| Characteristics of Color | weathered surfaces my hide the color of minerals, or a very smalll amount of certain elements my greatly affect the color |
| Charct. of Luster | Light reflected from the surface you have pearly luster |
| Charct. of Streak | powdered form |
| Charct. of Cleavage and Fracture | split easily along certain flat surface |
| Charct. of Harness | mineral resisting scratching |
| Mohs hardness scale | determines an unknown mineral byscratching it against the minerals on this scale |
| Charct. of Crystal Shape | forms in one of six basic shapes |
| Crystal Systems | Six Basic Systems |
| Isometric or cubic System | Thress Axes of equal length intersect at 90 degree angles. (Galena) |
| Triclinic system | Three axes of unequal length are oblique to one another (Turquoise) |
| Hexagonal System | Three horizontal axes of the same length intersect at 120 degree angles. Verticle axis is no longer o shorter than the horizontal axes.(Quartz) |
| Orthorhombic System | Three axes of unequal length intersect at 90 degree angles. ( Olivine) |
| Monoclinic system | Three axes of unequal length, two intersect at 90 degree angles. The third axis is oblique to the others.(Micas) |
| Tetragonal System | Three axes intersect at 90 degree angles. Two horiz. axes are of equal length. the verticle axis is longer or shorter than the horizontal axes. (Zircon) |
| Density Ratio | d =M/V 85g/34cm = 2.5g/cm |
| Properties of Minerals | Magnetism, Flourescence and Phosphorescence, double Refraction, Radioactivity |
| Magnetism | Lodestone is a form of Magnetite |
| Flourescence | minerals that absorb ultraviolet light and then produce visible light of various colors. |
| Phosphorescence | Minerals that continue to glow |
| Double Refraction | Crystals of calcite and some other transparent mineral bend light in a such a way that they produce a double image of any object viewed through them |
| Radioactivity | Unstable nuclei decay over time into stable nuclei by realeasing particles of energy. |
| Metallic luster and Nonmetallic luster | Two types of luster |
| A mineral | a natrual inorganic crystalline solid with a characteristic chemical composition |
| Silicate minerals | minerals that contain silicon and oxygen |
| Feldspars | most common silicate minerals |
| Silicate minerals | Ninety six percent of the earth's crust is made up |
| Silicon-oxygen tetrahedra | basic structural units of all silicate minerals onsist of |
| Olivine | An example of a mineral with a basic structure consisting of single tetrahedra linked by atoms of other elements |
| Souble chain silicate | when two single chains of tetrahedra bond to each other, the result is |
| Luster | the appearance of th elight reflected from the surface of a mineral |
| Luster | apprearance of the light reflected from the surface of a mineral |
| Fracture | uneven and splintery describes a minerals . . . |
| Hardness | is measured by using a Mohs scale |
| Density | the ratio of the mass of a mineral to its volume is the mineral's . . . |
| Lodestone | the needles of the first magnectic compasses used in navigation were made of the magnetic mineral |
| Fluorescence | When calcite absorbs ultraviolet light and gives off red light, it is displaying the property of . . |
| Uranium | A mineral that is radioactive probably contains the element |
| Calcite | Double refraction is a distinctive property of crystals of |
| Inspect a freshly exposed surface | to examine a mineral for color |
