| A | B |
|---|
| Southern Nile River Valley kingdom established about 3000b.c. | Nubia |
| By 2000 b.c. Nubian river civilization had developed into kingdom of | Kush |
| Led Kush to victory over egypt in 724 b.c. | King Piankhi |
| Language spoken by many early african grroups | Bantu |
| Mass movements of people from West Africa to other parts of the continent | Bantu Migrations |
| Bantu migrations were caused by | food shortages |
| After migrations Bantu- speaking peoples became the dominant group in | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Became a rich trading civilization due to location between saharan salt mines and tropical gold mines | Ghana |
| During the 1000s, the ghanaian kingdom | splintered into small city-states |
| Mali was one of the small states to break away from | Ghana |
| Greatest king of Mali | Mansa Musa |
| Introduced Islamic culture to mali | Mansa Musa |
| Malian Capital | Timbuktu |
| Encouaged growth of Timbuktu as center of arts and learning | Mansa Musa |
| Spread through North Africa tduring the A.D. 600s &700s | Islam |
| Attacked by warriors from the rin forest and berbers from North Africa | Mali |
| Rebelled against Mali | Songhai people |
| Songhi ruler conquered Timbuktu and djenne | Sunni Ali |
| Ruled songhi empire at its height | Askia Muhammad |
| Askia Muhammad's laws were based on the | Quran |
| Bantu kingdom built 300 stone fortresses | karanga |
| Became rich because they controlled the trade routes from the gold mines to the sea | Bantu States |
| Because arab and persian traders settled in East- African city states they became | Multicultural |
| Arab traveler visited far corners of islamic world | Ibn Battuta |
| Founder of the Islamic religion | Muhammad |
| religion started by Muhammad | Islam |
| Followers of the Islamic religion | Muslims |
| Muslim God | Allah |
| Birth place of Muhammad | Makkah |
| Islams holiest city | Makkah |
| Muhammad fled Mekkah in | A.D. 622 |
| Muhammad's flight from Makkah to Yathrib | Hijrah |
| Muhammad first found acceptance for his teachings in | Yathrib |
| Yathrib became known as | Madinah |
| "The city of the prophet" | Madinah |
| Contains the teachings of Muhammad | Quran |
| Muslim holy book | Quran |
| A muslims duties | Five Pillars |
| Faith, prayer,aims,fasting & pilgrimage | Five pillars of islam |
| Muslim place of worship | Mosque |
| Successors to muhammad, leaders of the muslim world | Caliphs |
| First Caliph | Abu Bakr |
| Holy war spread to islam | Jihad |
| Muslim advance on Europe was stopped at the | Battle of tours |
| Led to victory at the battle of tours | Charles Martel |
| First four Caliphs knew muhammad personally | the rightly guided caliphs |
| Ortodox Caliphate | The rightly guided caliphs |
| Succeded the rightly guided caliphs | umayyad caliphate |
| Capital of the rightly guided caliphs | Damascus |
| When the umayyad's came to power they killed | muhammad's grandson |
| Overthrew the unmayyads | abbasids |
| Muslims split over who should be | caliphs |
| Believed calpihs should come from muhammads family | Shiites |
| Did not believe caliphs had to come from muhammads family | Sunnis |
| The abbasids caliphs were descended from muhammads | uncle abbas |
| The abbasids recieved great support from the non- arab | persians |
| When the umyyads were overthrow the only survivor escaped and established a kingdom in | Spain |
| Believed muhammads grandson husayn had been the rightful caliph | Shiites |
| Denied the authority of the umayyad caliphs and helped the abbasids come to power | Shiites |
| Once the abbasids came to power they refused to tolerate and even persected the | Shiites |
| The abbasids built the new muslim capital of | Bagdad |
| Local persian ruler took political power from caliphs | Sultan |
| Began moving into islamic power about 970 | Seljuk Turks |
| Converted to islam about 1000 | Seljuk turks |
| Captured bagdad in 1055 | Seljuk |
| Replaced arabs as the new ruling class in the muslim world | Turks |
| Defeated theByzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 | Seljuk Turks |
| Replaced Seljuk Turks as ruling group in muslim empire | Ottoman Turks |
| Captured Constantinople in 1453 | Ottoman Turks |
| Early middle ages dates | A.D 500-1000 |
| Broke through borders of roman empire | Germatic Tribes |
| Strongest of the Germanic kingdoms in Western Europe after the fall of rome | Franks |
| Frankish king who was the first Germanic ruler to accept Catholicism | Clovis |
| Clvis and his successors | Merovingian Kings |
| By 700, they were more powerful than Merovingian Kings | Mayors of the palace |
| Charles Martel led the Franks as a | Mayor of the Palace |
| Mayor of the Palace that seized the throne | Pepin the short |
| Pepin the short seized the throne with the | Popes approval |
| Greatest Frankish ruler | Charlemagne |
| United most of Western Europe onto a Christian Empire | Charlemagne |
| Crowned "emperor of the romans "by the pope | Charlemagne |
| Conquered Saxons and forced them to convert to Christianity | Charlemagne |
| Charlemagnes empire divided among three grandsons | Treaty of Verdun |
| From 800-1000 Europe was plundered by | New invasions |
| Three groups invaded Europe from 800-1000 | Muslims, Magyars, vikings |
| Northmen or Norsemen | Vikings |
| Vikings were from | Scandinavia |
| Weakened central authority of European monarchs | viking raids |
| When royal power was weakened local defense was taken over by | Nobels |
| The viking aids resulted in a new | Political system |
| The new political system that began to take over Europe about 900 | Feudalism |
| Developed to provide protection from invaders | Feudalism |
| Poltical and military system based on the holding of land | Feudalism |
| Divide western Europe into thousands of territories, governed by nobels | Feudalism |
| Swore loyalty to a lord in exchange for land | Vassal |
| Land a lord gave a vassal | Fief |
| A lords vassals made up his | private amy |
| a vassal swore loyalty to his | lord |
| provided food and labor to nobels in exchange for protection | Peasants |
| lords and vassals were both | Nobels |
| A nobel could be both a | lord and a vassal |
| Peasants bound to land | Serfs |
| Self sufficient estates | Manors |
| The economic relationship between nobels and peasants | Manorialism |
| Nobel mounted warriors | Knights |
| Early christians who denied the diety of christ | Arians |
| Became the strongest political leader in western Europe | Pope |
| God's favor, blessing | Grace |
| The only way to receive grace was by taking part in the | Sacraments |
| Bartism, penance, Eucharist , confirrmation, matrimony, anointing,the sick and holy orders | sacraments |
| Community of monks living apart from society | monastery |
| Set up rules for monastic life | Benedict |
| Made the papacy an office of political as well as spiritual authority | Gregory I |
| Spread christianity throughout Europe | Missionaries |
| Most important institution in Europe after the fall of rome | Roman Catholic Church |
| Perserver of civilization after the fall of rome | Roman catholic church |
| Prior to 1059 popes were choosen by | Political leaders |
| After 1059 popes were choosen by | cardinals |
| Church officials below the pope | Cardinals |
| False religious doctrine | Heresy |
| Expulsion from the church | Excommunication |
| An excommunication person was | denied the sacraments |
| Church court, set up, to seek out and punish heretics | inquistion |
| The inquistion sometimes obtained confessions by | torture |
| Traveling preachers spread catholic teachings | Friars |
| Took over britain from native celts | Angles and saxons |
| United the anglo-saxon kingdoms and defeated the danes | Alfred the great |
| French province conquers england | Normandy |
| Led norman conquest of england | William the conqueror |
| William of normandy defeats king harold of England | Battle of Hastings |
| Battle of Hastings-date | 1066 |
| Stengthens royal power and central government in england | Norman Conquest |
| Under Henry II fuedal rules in England were replaced by | Common law |
| Decisions of judges in englands roal courts formed its | Common law |
| Won back Normandy from king John | Philip Agustus |
| Englaish king lost land back to France | John |
| Forced by nobels to sign Magna Carta | King John |
| Limited the power of English Kings | Magna Carta |
| Established basic legal rights | Magna Carta |
| Kings weakened the power of nobels by | Allying with the middle class |
| New middle class came from the | townspeople |
| He included townspeople in model parliament | Edward I |
| Called by edward I in 1295 to raise taxes | Model parliament |
| He gave France a strong central government and strengthened royal power | Philip Agustus |
| German King tried to restore Charlemagnes empire | Otto the Great |
| The pope crowned otto | Emperor of the romans |
| Center of life in the middle ages | Catholic church |
| Church sponsored holy wars | Crusades |
| Crusades were attempts to regain the | holy land |
| Controlled the holy land before the crusades | Turks |
| Crusades were basically | Unsuccessful |
| Called for the first crusade | Pope Urban II |
| Crusade dates | 1095-1291 |
| Helped bring Europe out of isolation | Crusades |
| e attempted to prove religious truth by logical arguement | Thomas Aquinas |
| War over english kings claim to land in France 1337-1453 | Hundread years war |
| Helped unify both england and france under royal power | Hundread years war |
| Led army and rallied french at the end of the hundread years war | Joan of Arc |
| Joan of Arc was condemned a heretic and | Burned at the stake |
| Civil war for english throne | War of roses |
| Victor in the wars of the roses- began tutor dynasty | Henry VII |
| Christians drive Muslims Moors out of Spain | Reconquista |
| Their marriage helps unify Spain | Ferinand and Isabella |
| Argument that there must be a god, because there had to be an uncaused first cause | Cosmological argument |
| Argument that there must be a god, because to have relative perfection, you must have a perfect being | Platonic Argument |
| Argument for the existance of god from design in the universe | Teleological |
| Thomas Aquinas attempted to prove the existance of god by the | Five ways |
