| A | B |
|---|
| corvus | "boarding plank" developed by the Romans to turn a naval battle into a land battle |
| Saguntum | town in Spain that Hannibal sacked, thus setting off the 2nd Punic War |
| Hamilcar Barca | Hannibal's father; general in 1st Punic War who built up Carthage's power in Spain after the war |
| Etruscans | early rulers of Rome whose control they threw off to form the Republic. They continued to fight with them in the 5th - 3rd centuries |
| Samnites | inhabitants of central Italy against whom the Romans fought 3 wars during the 4th century |
| Gauls | sacked Rome in 390 B.C. |
| Latin League | alliance of cities around Rome formed to defeat the Etruscans; later Rome dominated when they sought independence |
| Magna Graecia | area in southern Italy settled by Greek colonies |
| Pyrrhus | mercenary ruler of Epirus who helped Greek colonies fight against Rome |
| Pyrrhic victory | Victory that is not really a victory because of loss of life |
| tribune | magistrate gained by Plebieans when they seceded from Rome |
| veto | "I forbid it'; the phrase a tribune could say to block legislation in the Senate |
| Messana | Sicilian town that asked for Rome's help against Syracuse |
| Syracuse | Sicilian town that attacked Messana; this event led to the first Punic war |
| Sicily | land gained by Rome after 1st Punic war; became 1st Roman province |
| Roman Strengths | seemingly inexhaustible supply of soldiers (because of allies) |
| Carthage Strengths | Navy; Mercenaries |
| Treaty after 1st Punic War | Carthage paid a lot of money to Rome; Rome gained Sicily; |
| Mercenary Wars | Revolt of Carthages mercenary soldiers after 1st Punic War |
| Appius Claudius Caudex | senator who persuaded Rome to help Messana, thus leading to 1st Punic War |
| Appius Claudius Pulcher | threw sacred chickens overboard before battle |
| Marcus Atilius Regulus | Roman general captured by Carthaginians who followed through on a promise to return to Carthage after an unsuccessful appeal to the Roman senate even though he knew he would be tortured |
