| A | B |
|---|
| civilization | a centralized society with developed forms of religion, ways of governing, and learning |
| technology | the skills and knowledge to make products or meet goals |
| ziggurat | huge mud-brick temple or Sumerian Temple |
| government | an organized system that groups use to make laws and decisions |
| city-state | included a city or village and the farmlands around. Each had its own leaders and its own government |
| monarchy | government in which one person has complete authority |
| authority | the right to command or influence |
| surplus | extra supply |
| merchants | people who bought and sold goods for a living |
| social classes | groups with different levels of importance |
| scribe | a person who wrote things for others |
| innovations | new ways of doing things |
| conquer | take over |
| empire | conquered land of many people and places governed by one ruler |
| emperor | ruler of an empire |
| taxation | the practice of requiring people to pay taxes to support a government |
| Code of Hammurabi | collection of laws compiled by the Babylonian leader, Hammurabi |
| equal justice | fair treatment under the law |
| monotheism | belief in one God |
| covenant | special agreement |
| Ten Commandments | a set of laws for responsible behavior |
| Judaism | the religion of the Jewish people |
| Torah | the first five books of the Bible which contain the stories of the Israelites |
| colony | a settlement separate from, but under the control of, a home country |
| cultural diffusion | the spreading of new ideas to other places |
| barter | the exchange of one good or service for another |
| money economy | an economic system based on the use of money rather than on barter |
| Mesopotamia means | loand between two rivers |
| What two rivers would you find near the Fertile Crescent? | Tigris and Eurphrates |
| The earliest cities grew here. | Sumer |
| The problem with the Tigris and Euprates Rivers | unpredictable flooding |
| The Chief gods of the Sumerians | Enlil and Ea |
| What most wars were fought over | land and water disputes |
| Why pillars were used for borders | There were no natural boundaries. |
| Sargon | first known conquerer of Mesopotamian regions |
| Sargon was the first king to do this. | set up a standing army |
| Hammurabi's improvements to his empire | promote trade and building and keeping dikes and canals |
| Hammurabi is remembered for | work on the written laws |
| One of Hammurabi's important achievements | Mesoptamia's taxation system |
| Why Assyrians wanted to conquer neighboring lands | to control trade routes |
