| A | B |
|---|
| atom | "indivisible" ; "uncuttable" |
| William Crookes | vacuum tube; greenish glow |
| J.J. Thomson | cathode-ray tub; bent beams of particles |
| electrons | smallest particle of an atom; negative |
| Henri Becquerel | negative electrons of uranium |
| Geiger counter | "electron avalanche"; presence of radiation |
| radioactivity | release of high-energy particles |
| Ernest Rutherford | Three parts of radiation: Alpha, Beta, Gamma |
| Beta particles | high-speed negative electrons |
| alpha particles | positive protons, greater mass |
| gamma rays | electromagnetic radiation; more penetrating |
| John Dalton (1802) | created the first model of an atom |
| nucleus | dense, positively charged atom center |
| proton | positively charged particle in nucleus |
| Niels Bohr (1913) | atom model: electrons in definite orbit |
| James Cadwick (1932) | discovered the neutron |
| neutron | atomic particle with no charge; adds mass to nucleus |
| 3 atomic particles | protons, neutrons, electrons |
| energy levels | 2, 8, 18, 32 |
| electron cloud | spherical, size & energy depends on electrons |
| Carbon's protons & mass | 6 (P's); 12 mass number |
| Superconductivity | conduction of electricity w/o power loss |
| Radioactive isotopes | non-toxic tracers for health care use |
| Dmitri Mendeleev (late 1800s) | created original periodic table |
| periodic table (why period?) | repeating pattern of the elements' traits |
| atomic number | number of protons in an atom's nucleus |
| symbol | "letter name" for the element: O |
| element name | fully written name of element: Oxygen |
| Atomic mass | average mass of the isotope found naturally |
| isotopes | atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons |
| periodic table columns | family of elements |
| periodic table rows | "periods"; increasing atomic numbers |
| Dot Diagrams | shows valence electrons (outer shell) |
| Solid Description | has shape, fills definite space |
| thermal expansion | molecules vibrate more; greater speed & amplitude |
| ethylene glycol | antifreeze; lowers water's freezing point |
| Liquid description | molecules touch, glide; varying viscosity |
| viscosity | liquid's resistance to change in shape |
| volume defined | amount of space an object takes up |
| mass defined | amount of matter in an object |
| alloy defined | two or more metals mixed together |
| coefficients represent | number of molecules in a chemical formula |
| subscripts represent | number of atoms in a molecule |
| What is the pathway for electrons? | the energy level, shell |
| ion defined | a charged (-/+) atom |
| the least interactive/bonding family? | nobel gases |
| Oxidation number | number of electrons gained, lost, shared when bonding |
| two parts of solutions | solute, solvent |
| base | pH value above 7 |
| acid | pH value below 7 |
| Families 3 - 12 | transition metals |
| rows across the table | periods |
| A + B ---> AB | synthesis |
| AB ---> A + B | decomposition |
| A + BC ---> AC + B | single displacement |
| He | noble gas found in period one |
| Phases of matter | solid, gas, liquid, plasma |
| Fe | iron, rusts in water |
| mass | amount of matter in an object |
| mixture | does not produce something new |
| chemical reaction | produces something new |
| operational definition | tells when someting is present and in what amount |
| Hidenburg | lighter than air ship; up in flames 1937 |
| 73% of sun | Hydrogen |
| Early (first) chemists | Alchemists |
| Kinetic-molecular theory | all forms of matter are in motion |
| sublimation | molecules escape from the surface of a solid into gas |
| condensation | gas to liquid (on a glass window) |
| von Zeppelin | first lighter than air ship |
| polymers of linked amino acides | proteins |
| cholesterol | helps our body to make cell membranes |
| huge molecule made from smaller organic ones | polymer |
| lipids | fats, oils, waxes |
| carbohydrates | twice as many hydrogens as oxygen |
| saturated fats | fats with only a single covalent carbon bond |
| monomer | small building block of a larger molecule |
| methane | natural gas |
| coal, oil, gasoline | from fossil fuels |
