| A | B |
|---|
| Cell | The funamental structural, functional and reproductive unit of a living system |
| Cell Theory | 1. all organisms are made up of units called cells 2. all cells have the same fundamental make up and metabolic process 3. all cells come from pre-existing cells |
| Atoms | smallest unit that when bonded together form molecules |
| Protons | positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom |
| Neutrons | uncharged particles found in the nucleus of an atom, atomic weigt equal to the number of protons and neutrons |
| Electrons | negatively charged particles found with in an atoms orbital surrounding the nucleus |
| Covalent Bond | shared arrangements of electrons that hold atoms together in molecules |
| Double Covalent Bond | a covalent bond in which two atoms share TWO PAIRS of electrons |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | neutral-doesn't have a positive and negative end |
| Polar Covalent Bond | has both a positive and negative sides |
| Ionic Bond | strong electrical attractions between ions of opposite electrical charge, not as strong as covalent bond, particularly weak in water |
| Cation | a positively charged ion (more protons thatn electrons) |
| Anion | a negatively charged ion (more electrons than protons) |
| Hydrogen Bond | a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom in one molecule that has a slight positive charge and a negative chare in another atom, most commonly found in water, weak because they form and break rapidly |
| Polar | having uneven distributions of electrical charge, having positive and negative ends (poles) |
| Hydrophillic | water loving |
| Hydrophobic | water fearing |
| pH | the logarith (to the base 10) of the molar hydrogen ion concentration, pH=log_10_ 1/[H^+^]= -log [H^+^] |
| Acid | any substance which increases the proton concentration of a solution - decreases pH |
| Base | any substance which decreases the proton concentration in a solution - increases pH |
| Hydroxide Ion | OH^-^ The dissociation of a water molecule |
| Hydrogen Ion | H^+^ , the result of a dissociation of a water molecule, also called a proton, though it is actually a hydronium ion |
| Saturated | a molecule with no carbon-carbon double bonds, a molecule is saturated with hydrogens |
| Unsaturated | a molecule which contains one carbon-carbon double bonds |
| Polyunsaturated | a molecule which contains more than one carbon-carbon double bond |
| Proteins | Important Organic Molecules: 3D biological polymers constructed from a set of 20 amino acids, action in cells |
| nucleic acids | Important Organic Molecules: a class of molecules which allows for the reproduction of living organisms, genetic material |
| Carbohydrates | simple and complex sugars, used in storage and structure formation |
| Lipids | Imprtant Organic Molecules: are nonpolar or have large nonpolar regions, energy storage and hormone formation |
| Hydrocarbons | organic molecules composed of only carbon and hydrogen, are the simpliest organic molecules and are nonpolar |
| Functional Group | groups of atoms that can be substitued for a hydrogen on a hydrocarbon chain, have specific characteristics and functions whereever they are attached |
| Fatty Acids | (lipid) long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group on one end, can be saturated or unsaturated |
| Amphipathic | molecules which contain both a hydropilic and a hydrophobic region |
| Fats | energy storage for lipids, also called triglcerides, 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol |
| Phospholipids | structural lipids, composed of glycerol, two fatty acid chainds and have a phosphate head group, have both polar and nonpolar regions |
| Nucleotides | the monomers used to produce nucleic acid (building blocks) , all nucleotides contain 3 components: nitrogen base, a 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid: two polynucleotide strands to make double helix shape, nucleotides hold togehter by phosphodiester linkages, stands held together by hydrogen bonds between bases, bases: A, G, C, T |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid: single stranded, nucleotides held together by phosphodiester linkages, adaptor molecuel (allows us to use DNA) bases: A, G, C, U |
| Nitrogenous Base | Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil |
| Purine | a nitrogenous base containing two interlocking rings, adenine and guanine |
