| A | B |
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| Civilization | These six characteristics make up this vocabulary word:concentration of the population in cities; economy that produces food surpluses; presence of social classes; system of record keeping; presence of geographical boundaries and political institutions; system of religion, learning, art, and architecture |
| Agriculture | Farming. The development of this lead to food surpluses around the world and led to the development of cities and civilizations. |
| Regions | An area defined by one or more natural or cultural characteristics that set it apart from other areas |
| Ethnic Groups | A group of people in a country who share a unique culture and identity |
| Religious Groups | People who share the same religion |
| Linguistic Groups | People who speak and share a common language |
| Urban | Having to do with the city |
| Rural | Having to do with the countryside; found in or living in areas that are not close to cities |
| Colonialism | A system in which one country rules another area as a colony. The ruling country controls trade with its colony for its own benefit. |
| Arid and Semi Arid | Dry and half dry climate (temperature and precipitation) |
| Desert and Semi Desert | A type of biome or vegetation region where it is dry almost all year |
| Stereotype | An image about a person based on the group they belong to; this image is a generalized image and may or may not be true to the individual. |
| Desertification | The process by which land becomes more and more dry until it turns into desert. This may be caused by climate change, human activities, or both. |
| Drought | An unusually long period in which little or no rain falls |
| Marginal Lands | Land that is not well suited for growing crops |
| Pastoral Nomads | Groups of herders who move with their animals from place to place in search of pasture and water |
| Subsistence Farmers | farmers who make enough just to feed their family; many farmers in Africa are subsistence farmers |
| Enrich | to make rich; usually described how rich soil is made from river deposits |
| Gold and Salt Trade in 1400s Africa | North Africans had salt. West Africans had gold. They traded. |
| crossroads | a junction; a place where roads meets; the Middle East is considered to be this |
| Delta | where the mouth of a river meets a larger body of water; the water fans out into smaller water ways and deposits rich soil. It looks like a fan. |
| Strait | a body of water the connects two other bodies of water. |
| Peninsula | piece of land that extends into a body of water and is surrounded on three sides by water |
| Plateau | A broad flat area of land higher than the surrounding land., |
| Junction | a crossroads; a place where roads meets; the Middle East is considered to be this |
| Canal | a man-made waterway connecting two bodies of water and designed to shorten travel time or irrigate fields |
| savannah | Large area of level or nearly level land. Same as a plain |
| diverse | multifaceted; multiple; many |
| Lake Victoria | South Africa's largest lake |
| Great Rift Valley | A huge valley in central Africa where the first humans walked and where Lucy was found. |
| colonies | land taken over by colonists; settlements are created |
| Mount Kilimanjaro | a mountain that lies between Kenya and Tanzania and is highest peak in Africa |
| Ziggurats | Temples built by Mesopotamians for religious purposes |
| Primary Source | Things, artifacts, and sources FROM the original time period or place |
| Secondary Sources | Things, artifacts, and sources ABOUT the original time period or place |
| Pharaoh | Egyptian leader who owned all of Egypt, oversaw the irrigation system, was the political and religious leader, and was considered to be a god |
| Arable | farmable land |
| cultural region | region whose people share the same way of life. |
| Sahel | a semiarid land with savannahs that is facing desertification |
| Nile | river in Africa; called the "gift" to Egypt |
| Congo River | river found in central Africa |
| Niger River | River found in Western Africa that has oil deposits |
| Sahara Desert | dry landform that extends across most of North Africa and separates it from the rest of the continent |
